Behind the front facade of house 44 on Independence Avenue begins the Golden Hill. Once the outskirts of the city, where they built a house for the elite, calmly destroying the old cemetery, and then liquidated the "enemies of the people", evicting entire entrances. Towers towered here, sending noise to the receivers of Minsk residents who decided to take a sip of "Freedom" and listen to "voices", and even a major terrorist attack was being prepared. The Village Belarus found out whether the residents of the house sleep well, which has become a symbol not only of the evening Minsk.

Text and photos

ELENA SELKINA

ARCHITECT: Mikhail Barshch

LOCATION: Independence Avenue, 44

BUILDING: 1953–1955

SQUARE: 16,543 sq. m.

NUMBER OF APARTMENTS: 182

NUMBER OF FLOORS: 5 to 7

SALE:$95,000 for 2-room, $160,000 for 3-room, $185,000 for 4-room

RENT PER MONTH: from $550 for two-room apartment

RENT FOR THE DAY: 60–120 rubles for a two-room apartment

Quarter instead of the old cemetery

The intersection of Independence Avenue and Kozlov Street is located in the very center today. But even at the beginning of the last century, it was the outskirts of the city - Zolotaya Gorka, where people rarely stood along Zakharyevskaya Street. wooden houses, and an old churchyard began on a hill near the road.

People have been buried here since the 16th century. At one time the cemetery was Uniate, after it became Catholic. When in 1832 a fire destroyed the church on Trinity Hill (now Trinity Suburb), a small wooden chapel on Zolotaya Gorka became the center of the first Catholic parish in Minsk, founded in the 14th century by King Jagiello.

There are several versions why the hill is called the Golden Hill. One indicates that the Old Market was nearby. The other was for inns that brought in a good income. On the hill among the graves, local robbers could hide the loot. And, of course, the cemetery trees turned golden in autumn.

There is a beautiful legend about a hill of gold, which was collected by the inhabitants of Minsk for the construction of the Church of St. Roch. So the townspeople of different confessions of the saint for getting rid of the terrible epidemic of cholera. The cholera cemetery began immediately behind the Catholic one, where now there are houses at the intersection of Zolotaya Gorka and Krasnozvezdnaya streets.

In 1864 the new Church of St. The Neo-Gothic Rocha was consecrated and has been standing for a century and a half. It has been misused for most of its history. Already in the 1930s, the temple was finally closed, the revered statue of St. Roch disappeared from it. Gradual destruction of the cemetery began - construction along Sovetskaya Street reached these places.

The main destruction awaited in post-war years- a new Stalin Avenue and neighboring quarters were created. Houses along Kozlova up to the intersection with Zolotaya Gorka Street and along it itself to Krasnozvezdnaya stand in a destroyed cemetery. In the first year, the residents of the house, which would later be called "Vecherny Minsk", saw how, after heavy rains, skulls and bones were washed out of the ground on the slope of the hill cut by the builders. When they were digging a foundation pit for the Palace of Art, children from all over the neighborhood came running to watch how the churchyard was being demolished. Broken coffins, destroyed crypts, gravestones were taken outside the city. Everyone was sure that the builders secretly enriched themselves, because there could be valuable things in the ancient tombs. The opening of the palace took place in 1973.

The cemetery was finally destroyed in 1980, leaving only a small part of the former territory untouched. They took up the restoration of the church: where the crypts of its founders were, they made a wardrobe, installed an electric organ of Czechoslovak production in the apse, decorated the windows with stained-glass windows and handed it over to the Philharmonic. A chamber music hall was opened here.

Only in 2006 the church and its territory were completely returned to believers. One of the best organs in Belarus stands behind the altar - concerts and festivals are still held. The tombstones found near the church were combined into architectural compositions. In September of this year, another 12 tombstones were returned to the cemetery, which were discovered by local historians in a landfill near Sennitsa.

House with execution registration

The first transformations on the Golden Hill began in 1934. On the square in front of the church at the corner of Sovetskaya and 1st Dolgobrodskaya streets (now Kozlova street), construction began on a huge house with a hundred apartments for the new elite - the first House of Specialists in Minsk.

Architect Natalya Makletsova, a 25-year-old graduate of the Leningrad Institute, designed the building in such a way as to block the view of the church. The house was built right on the slope of the cemetery hill, separating the courtyard with a small retaining wall.

It was an event in the construction practice of Minsk. The first residential building with a six-story middle part, with elevators (which, however, were never connected) and a basement. The building had its own deli and bakery. When the rest of Minskers huddled in communal apartments, specialists were given three- and four-room apartments.

The house at 148 Sovetskaya Street was occupied in 1936. Architects Arkady Bregman and Alexander Voinov, writer Zmitrok Byadulya, poet Izi Kharik, the first People's Artist of the BSSR Vladislav Golubok and many others - academicians, artists, military and party leaders - lived here.

When in 1937 Alexander Chervyakov and other “responsible workers” who committed suicide were carried to be buried at the Military Cemetery along 1st Dolgobrodskaya past their windows, most of the residents were already waiting for an equally terrible fate, which decades later can be reduced to a short note: “ Shot. rehabilitated."

At the end of September, Vladislav Golubok was shot, a month later - Izi Kharik, when from October 29 to October 30, 1937, about 130 figures of Belarusian culture were liquidated in the basements of the NKVD prison in Minsk in one night. After 80 years, their poems again sound like songs in the project “(Not) infuriated paesia” performed by Dmitry Voytyushkevich and Svetlana Ben.

During the two years of repression, most of the apartments have repeatedly changed owners. In 1938, the 64th changed four tenants in less than three weeks. The house was inhabited by "dead souls", printing houses did not have time to reflect changes in address books.

The house with bad apartments did not stand even for seven years. During an air raid in June 1941, the quarter was practically razed to the ground. The ruins of the House of Specialists opened up a view of the Church of St. Roch. The house opposite (now Nezalezhnosti Ave., 43) was more fortunate - it survived and even got on the pages of the fascist newspaper Minsker Zeitung as an example of typical Soviet housing. After the war, it was called the House of Scientists and Writers - Zmitrok Byadulya and Yanka Bryl, dynasties of prominent doctors, actors, ballerinas, and translators lived here.

The house was inhabited by "dead souls", printers were unable to reflect changes in address books

The poetess Natalya Tatur was born in building 43 and remembers that while the architects were deciding what to be in the place of the House of Specialists, fear still lived in the building opposite: “No one put the children to bed until two in the morning. We had Communal apartment- the neighbors came to us and had tea until late, told jokes, but no one paid attention to me, who was sitting under the table. Suddenly everyone fell silent, and the silence was ominous. Outside the window, the distinct sound of a car drove up to the house was heard. The front door slammed. Everyone turned pale. We tried to guess what kind of entrance it was on the account. The atmosphere at the table became more and more tense. Everyone went into a whisper. Someone was taken out of the entrance - again the door of the arriving car slammed. Silence was already ringing. Again the front door. What? Seems like a third. The next one is ours. The next door slams again. The car starts and drives away. “Lapanka”, as these arrests were called, is over for today. Now you can go to sleep. Everything will start all over again tomorrow."

Cosmopolitan architect

The ruins of the House of Specialists stood until 1948. In the same year, Professor Mikhail Barshch was fired from the Moscow Architectural Institute, accused of cosmopolitanism. Having enlisted support in Minsk, the architect came to Belarus.

“The city looked terrible, the center - solid ruins of brick and rubble. From under heaps of broken bricks and rubble, in some places, pipes of makeshift houses stick out, from which smoke comes out. The newly built houses and some of the remaining ones stand out strangely against the background of the general destruction,” these were his first impressions of Minsk.

When in 1950 they decided to build on the site of the ruins new house for 200 apartments for workers and employees of the radio plant. Molotov (now the Minsk Instrument-Making Plant), the project was entrusted to Mikhail Osipovich.

The architect studied estates, ancient temples and old paintings in museums and embodied ideas in style Stalinist Empire. There was a struggle between "constructivists" and "decorators", to which Mikhail Barshch belonged. The construction of house 44 on Stalin Avenue was completed in 1955, and despite the struggle against excesses, the front facade was exactly what it was intended to be.

The house of impressive size and broken configuration seems to consist of several buildings. Initially, the dormitory of the plant occupied the entrance with a colonnade at the level of the two upper floors. In the evenings, the workers arranged dances on the sites. In the basement was Kindergarten. On November 1, 1967, the editorial office of the new newspaper Vecherny Minsk moved into the corner entrance and has not changed its address for half a century. House 44 stands not only on the avenue, but also on the logo of the newspaper, having received its own name from it.

Gradually, scientific and creative intelligentsia settled in "Vecherniy Minsk". But the world was again restless - there was a cold war and the ranks of dissidents were replenished.

two towers

So that citizens would not listen to foreign radio stations at night, the leadership of the USSR decided back in 1949 to “jam” foreign propaganda. The country was entangled in a network of noise and interference transmitters.

Minsk "jammers" were hiding in the courtyard of 44 houses - two hundred-meter iron towers with four-leaf antennas. Not everyone was ready to put up with it. In 1963, Minsk student Sergei Khanzhenkov, a demolition specialist, prepared a suitcase of explosives for the hated radio station. He spent his ten years of strict regime in the camps of Mordovia, next to other famous dissidents - Sinyavsky, Daniel, Ginzburg, and then returned to Minsk.

Sergei Khanzhenkov willingly spoke about unfulfilled hopes to an Izvestia correspondent: “The thought arose - to blow up the jammer! God forbid, no blood! A purely demonstrative act. Just one evening, thousands of people habitually turn on the receivers, and the air will be clear. There will definitely be talk: they blew up the "silencer"! What is a "silencer"? Why is it needed at all? And the people will freak out."

Silence was stopped only during perestroika. In the early 90s, one of the towers was dismantled, the antennas were changed on the second, adapted for signal transmission cellular communication. New tenants were moving into the 44th house, not suspecting that in the yard there was the very object No. 3 that they wanted to blow up.

“I don’t know any other place where I could sleep so peacefully”

Nina Nikolaevna

Bought a four-room apartment on Independence Avenue, 44

I was born in Leningrad and spent some part of my life there. I really like that Minsk is so similar to my hometown. This is not surprising, because it was built by Leningrad and Moscow architects.

In Leningrad, we had an apartment with high ceilings in beautiful house. All the best comes from childhood, so I liked the apartment in Minsk in such a landmark building, I bought it 25 years ago. Three families moved in at once - both mom and dad, and more relatives. We invited everyone. Like all parents, they dreamed of living with their children. My daughter said that she would be with us, and years later, of course, she changed her mind. Now the two of us with my husband in a hundred-meter apartment are too spacious.

When the renovation was being done, I came up with and agreed on a rather radical redevelopment, but the small details, the authentic stucco molding on the ceiling, of course, were left. All stucco has been restored, we called the master from the film studio. The walls were also leveled with plaster, and not with drywall, as they do now. When the parquet was changed, the logs were updated. We tried not to deviate from the technologies by which the house was created.

By this time, I managed to live in Europe, to see how the space is organized there. We combined the kitchen and living room. Due to the corridor that used to lead to the kitchen, they expanded the bathroom and even found a place for a second small bathroom. Two adjoining bedrooms have been separated - now their own doors lead to the bedroom and study. The redevelopment made the apartment comfortable for us.

I used to work and rent housing in Europe - in Italy, Austria - it's probably easier to list the countries I haven't been to. From Venice, for example, I brought that picture over there. In love with this city, it also reminds me of Leningrad.

She designed the apartment herself. Acquired first white kitchen with emerald Venetian glass and the whole interior began to be made in white and green. The furniture was brought from Italy, because in 1995 there was simply no such thing here, the double-glazed windows were from Poland.

It is important for me that there is one big room that unites everyone. And at the same time, everyone could retire in their own space, close the door behind them and work or relax. I don’t understand the fashionable desire to put a TV in every room - one in the common room is enough, but you have to sleep in the bedrooms. And I must say that you sleep very well here.

I have never been worried about the proximity of the cemetery. It seems that after the war in the center of Minsk there is not a single place that was not built “on the bones”, because during air raids people also died under the ruins. But this place next to the church, praying, you can feel a special atmosphere. On weekends, beautiful couples get married to a beautiful ringing; in the evening, the sound of an organ is heard. We have ash parquet, which used to be used for floors in churches - jokes are jokes, and perhaps this also protects our peaceful sleep.

My parents also moved a lot from place to place, my father was a military man. He was supposed to be transferred to Belarus, and I went to enter BSU, but in the end he was sent to another place. I stayed to study in Minsk, then got married. She graduated from graduate school and defended her dissertation already in Moscow. She studied molecular virology and traveled a lot, like a real cosmopolitan.

In 1986 she went to America for the first time. I was a board member of the Soviet-American Friendship Society. Just in Reykjavik, Gorbachev signed a cooperation agreement, and the next morning we flew to New York. I have never been abroad - I tried to keep the brand. We were supervised by American doctors: there I saw both non-surgical removal of kidney stones and in vitro fertilization.

I remember how in Soviet times I could not stand in line for an apartment. They lived in a one-room apartment near Komarovka: with a living area of ​​20 meters, and according to the standard of 6 meters per person, they got surplus. Candidates of Sciences were entitled to an office, but since it was not in the apartment, it was not taken into account. When it became possible to buy housing, we chose this option.

This apartment is unique. There are only six of these in the huge house - they start from the third floor directly above the arches that connect the side five-story parts of the house with the seven-story part. In the middle one there are elevators placed in glass bay windows, but we only have stairs, and it can be difficult to climb to the fifth floor.

Neighbors are very good and intelligent. There are many shops in the house, Ocean across the road, Central Department Store nearby. Transport stops right under the windows, you can get anywhere in 15 minutes. Minsk residents like to joke about the subway: “For the first carriages, this is Yakub Kolas Square, and for the last ones, it is Victory Square.

Now I temporarily put the apartment up for sale along with all the furnishings, and so I don’t want to part with it. But we don't need that big. The children have parted, and my husband and I are spending more and more time in our country house. I like to live in the center of Minsk - my girlfriends are here, life is in full swing, but my husband is comfortable outside the city.

It would be nice to buy a kopeck piece in the same area, I got attached to it with my soul. Small, in a building with elevators to live comfortably. So curious to know what the A-100 will build on the site of the trolleybus depot. You at The Village find out soon, please. According to the plan, houses should be built in the style of stalinok.

With an increase in population, people in big cities trying to build as many houses as possible. Buildings built on former cemeteries are no longer a rarity. Although it is better to refuse the idea of ​​such construction, because both the builders and the inhabitants of such buildings may be in danger.

Why not build a house on the site of a cemetery?

Modern settlements are growing rapidly. The number of people is increasing every year, and each person needs his own house. Abandoned burial sites, the territory of which has been empty for quite some time, can become a place for the construction of residential buildings.

Many people do not even think why it is impossible to build a house on the site of a cemetery, and what danger it carries.

The churchyard is the resting place of the dead. Once these people were someone's relatives and loved ones. Each of them had their own destiny. To erect any building, especially a residential building, on human bones is at least unethical.

Even if you are far from mysticism and magic, and do not think that your actions can disturb the spirit of dead people, it is still better to honor their memory and not start building on the place where human ashes rest. After all, such actions can be characterized as vandalism and complete disrespect.

If the construction nevertheless took place, then people who are “lucky” to live in such a house will be regularly influenced by negative energy. There is such a thing as , visiting the churchyard, each of us can feel its influence on ourselves. When someone comes here, peace appears, someone experiences anxiety, and some feel horror and panic fear in general. But no matter how people feel, few people would like to live in this place.

In addition, probably many of you have heard about. Our ancestors, even after visiting the graveyard, thoroughly washed their shoes before entering their house, fearing to bring earth into the dwelling, which is a powerful artifact. It is used in many rituals of black magic. Throwing earth from the graveyard on the threshold or on the windowsill, you can be damaged by illness, bad luck, or even death.

Therefore, a building built on the site of a cemetery can bring happiness to few people. People living in such houses complain of systematic headaches, weakness, loss of strength, they often have bad dreams, and even see the ghosts of the dead, whose peace has been disturbed. Such residents are more likely to get sick, they often experience nervous breakdowns, and some even lose their minds, ending their days in a psychiatric hospital.

How is life in a house built on a cemetery?

Any person with extrasensory abilities, upon arrival in such a house, immediately feels the energy of the other world. Sooner or later, the disturbed souls of those buried in the cemetery, on the site of which the foundation of this building was laid, will influence the inhabitants.

This influence can manifest itself in different ways. But in most cases, it does not threaten anything good for the residents. Their lives can change dramatically for the worse.

People living in a house in a cemetery begin to get sick, some get worse chronic diseases others may develop cancer. Mental illness is also not uncommon. In such houses, animals do not take root well, they behave strangely and restlessly.

According to statistics, many residents of such houses become alcoholics and drug addicts. There is also a high percentage of suicides among the "cemetery" residents.

Troubles often occur during construction - workers are injured, and sometimes even die under unclear circumstances.

It is regrettable, but it is almost impossible to clean a house built on the site of an old cemetery from negative energy.

Ghosts in abandoned cemeteries

Signs for the construction of a new house were invented by our ancestors several hundred years ago. It is advisable to observe them so that you live well in this house, and so that prosperity and happiness do not leave you.

You need to start building a new house on Tuesday, Friday, Saturday or Thursday. This better days for this. The phase of the moon that is suitable for this type of work is the full moon. If you follow this sign for the construction of your new home, it will be strong and last a long time. And the season is spring or autumn.

You can not start building during a leap year, otherwise you will suffer misfortune associated with the house. Do not start on Sunday or the day dedicated to the holy martyr.

You can’t work at a construction site every day - rest on Sunday and during church holidays.

The location chosen for the construction site plays an important role. In no case do they build houses on the site of old cemeteries, otherwise ghosts will disturb. So you can call death into your home.

If you bought two neighboring plots, you can only be happy for you, because you will have a big house and, most likely, you have a large and friendly family. But putting a house on the border of two plots and in general on the border of something is impossible, this is a bad omen.

You can't build houses where lightning strikes. It is believed that the land there is "evil", and the place is "bad".

They do not put a foundation on the site of an anthill, this is to quarrels and proceedings with neighbors, high mortality and illness in the family.

If you are building a house where someone has previously lived, be sure to find out about the former tenants. If there was a murder on your territory, the site threatens you with problems and the loss of family members. Don't buy material from a building where the occupants have suffered constant setbacks. It is also undesirable to live after quarrels and abuse, alcoholics and seriously ill people. As a rule, such problems arise due to evil spirits, which simply do not leave their homes.

If you are putting a new house in place of the old one, make it bigger. Otherwise, the brownie will not like the tightness, and he can reduce the number of tenants in accordance with his usual concepts of space per person.

You can’t put houses where a bathhouse used to be, and there was a fire in it. Otherwise, you will suffer from a fire.

You may be wondering: is it possible to plant spruce near the house.

Where elder grows, no foundation is erected. It is believed that it grows only in bad places.

The place where the road used to be is not suitable, otherwise all the wealth will leave you along it.

The best place to build a residential building is land that has never been plowed. If there is a lot of sunlight and space - very good. When the area is large, or you are building a house in the field, release the cow, and where she lies, there will be a good place for housing. Tracks of dogs, cats and cows also mean that the place has positive energy.

Signs for building a house - materials

Every person tends to save money. Building a country house is far from a cheap pleasure, and such a desire is not surprising. Many people buy materials that have already been in use. There are signs for building a house that make you pay attention to the materials used.

You can not take materials from an old house in which there was a fire. The same applies to living quarters in which the whole family died in a mysterious or logically inexplicable way. Otherwise, misfortune may happen to you.

You can't build a house out of poplar. It's a vampire tree. It is considered as unfavorable as aspen. If you use trees from the cemetery, you will lure death.

Signs for building a house - stages of construction

Only those masters who do not feel hostility towards those who will live in this place should be engaged in construction. Therefore, builders in the old days have always tried to appease. At the beginning of each stage of the construction of the house, they are sure to be treated to vodka and a snack for it.

There are also special signs when laying the foundation of a house. Usually they put incense, some wool and a coin there. Wool promises that no one in the house will freeze in winter, incense protects from evil spirits, and a coin will save you from want and poverty. If you put coniferous branches, you will save the house from being hit by lightning.

The girl should lay the first stone in the foundation, then it will always be pleasant to be in the house.

When a roof is made, unopened cones must be placed under it to protect against evil forces.

If they make something from logs, they are not laid crosswise, this portends death.

The stove is made on the new moon, then the house will be warm and cozy even in winter. And when it is ready, leave something for the brownie - bread, milk or vodka.

You can not smear the house on Mondays, otherwise rodents and other domestic pests will start.

When the construction is completed, you should go around the house and look at the condition of the trees that surround it. At the same time, our ancestors mercilessly removed diseased plants so that their diseases would not pass to the residents.

When they go Finishing work, there is usually a lot of debris on the floor. It should be removed at night. It is believed that at night angels look into houses and give their blessing to those who have cleanliness and order. It also pleases the brownie.

If you've already set up doors in your new home, don't leave any of them open when you leave.

When your new home is ready, before the family goes there to live, you should let the cat spend the night first. He will scare away all evil spirits, but will not touch the good brownie if you already have one. Read about how to invite a brownie to a new building in the corresponding article on our website. Brownie plays an important role in the well-being of the whole family.

Moving into newly built housing should not be done during Lent. The best time for this is the growing or full moon, then the house will always be warm. It's good to do housewarming at dawn. If you're going to have a party to celebrate this, wait at least three days. In no case should you do this on the day of the move.

Using these signs will greatly help you in your new home. If you follow them, then failures, evil eye and curses will bypass you, and if you ignore them, then your life can turn into hell.

Signs for building a new house - how and why - all the secrets to the site

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The harmony of the magical amulet with your biofield depends on several parameters: individual characteristics and desired goals. Do not forget about the difference between an amulet, a talisman and a talisman. The amulet is always made personally, the talisman and amulet can be purchased. In addition, the talisman - attracts positive energy, and the amulet - protects from negative.

Today, all progressive mankind will celebrate Halloween, the most "terrible" holiday of the year.

Our today's material also has an ominous coloring. We will talk about those areas and quarters where cemeteries once were. However, as Samara grew, all of them were built up. Where grave crosses once stood, houses and residential areas now stand.

Our material will be arranged in chronological order: from the most ancient graveyards to the most "fresh".

1. Neighborhood Krutye Klyuchi

During the construction of the first stage of Krutye Klyuchi and the Mega shopping center, at least four burials of ancient Hungarians were destroyed. In 2010, children from the areas adjacent to the construction site brought to the museum. Alabina items that are commonly found in the graves of the ancient Magyars. The museum's collection was replenished with a saber, parts of a harness, a knife, fragments of a bit and 11 iron arrowheads.

The painting "The Crossing of Prince Arpad through the Carpathians", artists - Arpad Festi, Laszlo Mednyansky and Jene Barchai

The graves themselves were irretrievably destroyed in the absence of archaeologists by developers who did not pay attention to the burials during earthworks. Or they just didn't want to. Since it is quite difficult not to notice not only human, but also horse bones (the ancient Hungarians were often buried with horses). Moreover, silver and gold ornaments are quite regularly found in ancient Hungarian graves. It is possible that not all items from the burials made it to the museum.

Where did the ancient Hungarians appear in our area? Back in the 1970s, burials with similar finds were found at the 116th kilometer, and in the past decade a similar burial was found in the Volzhsky district of the region. The fact is that it was on the Middle Volga and in the Urals that the so-called Great Hungary was located. And from here the warlike ancestors of the Hungarians migrated to the territory of the present of Eastern Europe, seriously disturbing the European peoples living there.

Migration of the Hungarians in the Early Middle Ages

It is possible that under the Koshelev houses there are still many remains of people who died in the early Middle Ages.

2. Cemeteries of the Samara region (XVI-XVII centuries)

Until our city became "New Orleans" and "Russian Chicago", there was no separate city cemetery in it. Here is what the merchant wrote on this issue in his local history notes Konstantin Golovkin:

“According to the foundation of the city of Samara, cemeteries existed, as evidenced by the excavations of the bodies of the dead, almost at each of the ancient churches, and therefore there was no separate church graveyard for the burial of the dead.”

Perhaps the most famous churchyard existed during Kazan Cathedral, which was located on the territory of the now demolished valve factory.

Kazan Cathedral. View from the corner of Vodnikov and Kutyakova streets

Peter Alabin in his book "Twenty-fifth anniversary of Samara as a provincial city" wrote that in 1864 during the construction of its Sretensky (southern) limit “they found many human bones in the ground; proof of the probability of the existence of a cemetery on this site at the very first time of the settlement of Samara.

Among other things, famous statesmen, leaders of the Orenburg expedition were buried at the Kazan Cathedral - Ivan Kirilov and Vasily Urusov. Read more about this.

Traditionally, cemeteries were also attached to monasteries. There were two such in Samara of the 17th century, female and male, named after Transfiguration of the Lord. Their exact location is known only approximately. A purely indicative scheme is shown below. The territory of the convent is marked with a green outline.

An article by historian Andrei Makarov provides information that during construction (StroyDom shopping center) they found more than once. There were such cases in the 1980s. It can be assumed that there was a monastery cemetery here.

Konstantin Golovkin gives the following information: “When arranging a gentle descent to the Volga along Uspenskaya Street(now Komsomolskaya - ed. ) in the area of ​​the Church of Alexei Metropolitan from Naberezhnaya Street and up towards Kazanskaya(now Alexei Tolstoy - ed.) at earthworks many human skeletons have been found."

3. The first city cemetery

The exact time of the appearance of the first city ​​churchyard can be dated to the middle of the 18th century. Here is what Konstantin Golovkin writes: “The cemetery was on the present Saratovskaya street, in the area where the mullah’s house was, near the Ascension Church that stood there, which was then outside the city.”

Let's supplement this information with the memoirs of Peter Alabin: “The Ascension Church originally stood on the site where the Assumption Church now stands, and, as can be seen from the church chronicle, it burned down on April 20, 1765. In the same year, it was built in the cemetery, where the former Slivkov’s house is now, on Saratovskaya Street, opposite the house mullahs.

Let's try to correlate these reports with the current appearance of Samara. The mullah's house stood on the site of a three-story stalin built by Pyotr Shcherbachev (Frunze, 25). However, the OKN lists give a different address - Frunze, 29. One way or another, the approximate location is clear.

The house of the rivermen on the site of the mullah's house

Now let's deal with the Ascension Church. It was first built in the 18th century at the corner of the current Vodnikov and Komsomolskaya streets. In 1765, it burned down (later the Assumption Church was built in its place) and was already restored on Saratovskaya (Frunze) street, near the cemetery.

In 1807 it burned down again, but again it was restored. There is information in the book “Sanctuaries of the Samara Territory” that in 1813, due to churchyard closure The wooden Ascension Church was moved to its current location on Stepan Razin Street. In 1841, its construction in stone began.

In summing up, let's take a look at the plan of Samara in 1804. The symbols are as follows:

Red line - Cemetery ravine,
red square - approximate location mullah's houses,
red arrow points to territory Ascension Church(corner of Frunze and Pionerskaya),
in the blue outline - the approximate territory first public cemetery.

With a high degree of probability, we can state that it occupied a quarter within the boundaries of Kuibyshev, Pionerskaya, Frunze and Komsomolskaya streets (closer to the corner of the last two).

4. Second City Cemetery

According to the development plan of Samara in 1804, Samarskaya and Rabochaya streets became the boundaries of the city. Thus, the first city cemetery fell "inside" Samara, in connection with which a new place was chosen for it outside the then city limits.

Here is what Konstantin Golovkin writes about this: “On the plan of 1804, the cemetery is shown outside the city limits, on the right side of the postal road,<…>and located in the current quarter between Predtechenskaya and Samarskaya and Sadovaya streets, occupying 1/2 block to Predtechenskaya street.

At the same time, looking at this plan, it is easy to make sure that the cemetery was after all between Sadovaya and Leninskaya. A ravine separated the cemetery from Samarskaya Street.

Let's try to transfer its borders to the modern map of the city. In the red outline of the border of the second city churchyard according to the plan of 1804, the blue oval marks its borders according to Konstantin Golovkin.

There was a cemetery on this site for about 1810s to 1830s.

5. Old (Pokrovskoye) cemetery

It was named in honor of the Intercession Cathedral, now having the status of a cathedral. It was under construction from 1857 to 1861, Samara merchants Shikhobalovs.

But the cemetery appeared here much earlier. It can be found on the city plan of 1839. Then Samara has slightly increased in size. The current streets of the Brothers Korostelev and Ulyanovsk became the boundaries of the city.

The churchyard occupied a fairly large area within the boundaries of the current Leninskaya Street, Turgenev Lane, railways and Artsybushevskaya. Next to it, we see another smaller cemetery. According to Konstantin Golovkin, it was Cemetery of Old Believers. Here is its approximate location on modern map Samara.

The Intercession Cemetery was closed at the turn of the 1850s and 1860s, thus having existed for about 30 years. Here was located the crypt of the main patrons of the Pokrovsky Cathedral - the merchant clan of the Shikhobalovs.

Nowadays, most of the Pokrovsky cemetery is occupied by the Dynamo stadium. But one should not think that the churchyard was turned into a sports arena after the godless Bolsheviks came to power. Back in 1867, a garden of the same name was opened on the site of the Pokrovsky cemetery. And already on the site of the garden, the Dynamo stadium was built.

The total territory of the Pokrovsky cemetery, translated into the modern one, is as follows:

Pay attention to the brown rectangle. This is a kindergarten, the construction of which has been frozen due to archaeological research. In October 2016, during the laying of pipes on Leninskaya Street, there were also human remains.

6. All Saints Cemetery

The most important pre-revolutionary cemetery in Samara. For the first time, a place was allocated for it in 1853 in the amount of 17 acres (18.5 hectares). Four years later, his plan was drawn up, broken down into quarters. Then Samara had not yet become a railway center, so most of the cemetery was located on the territory of the current railway tracks.

Here is what Konstantin Golovkin writes about this: "In 1860 the cemetery(meaning citywide - ed.) relocated to the place of its present existence(we are talking about the first half of the 1920s) . But a few years after the formation of this third cemetery, the city again approached, and recently magnificent buildings of the Orenburgskaya station were erected near its fence. railway, under the canvas of which a contented part of the place allotted to the cemetery has moved away.

The station building was built in 1876. By this time, the boundaries of the All Saints cemetery "adjusted" to railways. This is clearly seen on the map of the city in 1886. Please note that another cemetery appears on it - an Old Believer cemetery, located even further from civilization (we marked its approximate borders with a blue outline).

Another interesting site cemetery, "protruding" to the railroad track near the station. This site also belonged to fellow Old Believers, whose church once stood at the corner of Frunze and Nekrasovskaya streets.

Please note that initially the territory of the All Saints Cemetery did not include the park named after. Shchors. His maximum size it reached by the beginning of the 20th century, which can be seen on the map of 1910.

As you can see, the All Saints Cemetery has slightly increased in size due to new Orthodox cemetery, which just occupied the territory of the current Shchorsa Park. On the site of the largest pre-revolutionary churchyard, a lot of residential buildings have now been built with addresses for (from Nos. 106-124 and 125-149).

The cemetery of the Old Believers was now called "Different sects and cholera". Now its territory is occupied by an industrial zone, diluted with two fresh new buildings with addresses at Mechnikov street (No. 3 and 5). In this wonderful area, sandwiched between two cemeteries and the railroad track, people even managed to live. This area was called New settlement, but the name is more common Zakladbischensky.

View of the All Saints Cemetery from Agibalova Street. On the left is the Konstantinovskaya almshouse (Sportivnaya, 11). Right: Church of All Saints

Many famous people were buried at the All Saints Cemetery:

- Evdokia Chaliapin (mother of Fyodor Chaliapin),
- Alexandra Bostrom (mother of Alexei Tolstoy),
— Andrey Hardin (attorney at law, whose assistant was Vladimir Ulyanov),
- Victor Mamontov (actor of the city theater, who died on stage),
- Mikhail Chelyshev (mayor, deputy of the State Duma),
- Nikolay Shchors (red commander, "Ukrainian Chapaev"),
— Konstantin Golovkin (merchant, artist, local historian),
- Sergei Platonov (famous Russian historian).

In 1926, the All Saints Cemetery was officially closed, although burials continued here until the mid-1930s. After that, the area began to gradually build up. One of the first enterprises located here was the bakery No. 2, opened in 1933.

In 2013, the construction of the Gudok shopping center began, which is entirely located on the territory of the All Saints cemetery. Not really bothering, the builders took out the soil with human remains on the shore of Samarka, which was discovered by local residents, and at their suggestion by Samara bloggers.

As a result, construction works were discontinued, and archaeologists began to work on the site of the future shopping center.

7. Cemetery of the Iversky Monastery

There were two cemeteries on the territory of the monastery. Upper (marked in red) next to the Sretensky Church, where the clergy were buried, and bottom, where nuns were buried, as well as laymen for a fee.

As can be seen from the diagram, the upper cemetery was quite small and was located on the site obkom house(Vilonovskaya, 2A). As for the lower cemetery, it was many times larger. Merchants and nobles were buried here closer to Church of the Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God, simpler people - closer to the current Vilonovskaya. Among those buried here:

- Petr Alabin (mayor, public figure),
— Alexander Shcherbachev (architect),
- Merchants Nikolai Ivantsov, Alexander Kurlin, Ivan Novokreshchenov and others.

In 2006, large-scale archaeological excavations were carried out on the territory of the lower cemetery of the Iversky Monastery.

8. Nicholas Monastery

Another monastery, this time for men. It was located on the territory of the so-called Jewish Quarter ( official name — IV microdistrict of the center).

Now only two buildings remain from the Nikolaevsky Monastery, the former fraternal buildings where the monks lived. Now it's kindergarten №391(Osipenko, 12) and administrative building (Osipenko, 10A). The monastery cemetery was located nearby, approximately on the site of a sports ground school number 16.

Of the well-known Samarans buried here, it is necessary to mention the merchant Yegor Annaev and the doctor Nestor Postnikov. After the revolution, the cemetery was closed, the Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in 1930 was dismantled into bricks, which were used in the construction of the Kitchen Factory.

9. Cemetery of the Meshchansky village

In the midst of the infamous famine in the Volga region, another cemetery appeared in Samara. Here is what Konstantin Golovkin writes about him:

“In 1921, the city committee allocated a new area of ​​land for a cemetery on the site of a race track outside the city between the road to Chernovka and Smyshlyaevka. A vast area of ​​land was surrounded on all sides by a deep ditch, the work of which was carried out by the starving and unemployed.

It lasted until the mid 1930s.

He was buried in the cemetery of the Meshchansky village Evgeny Zubchaninov, founder of the village of the same name.

10. Cemetery on Chapaev Square

For a short time in 1918, the former Theater Square was called Red Square, and, following the example of Moscow, they began to bury the fallen fighters against the counter-revolution on it. The first was a pipe factory worker Mikhail Stepanov, who was shot dead by an unknown person while on duty at the door of the White House (Frunze, 167). The total number of comrades buried in the square opposite the city theater by 1923 reached a dozen.

On the right - a monument on the mass grave of fighters against the counter-revolution

In 1932, a monument to Vasily Chapaev was erected on this site. Read more about all those buried in this churchyard.

11. Cemetery of Tomashev Kolok village

13. Cemeteries of Bezymyanlag

If everything is clear with the burials of the times of the Great Terror, and they are tightly, albeit without any real evidence, tied to Gagarin Park, then with the cemeteries of the times of the Great Patriotic War, everything is not so simple.

From archival documents it is known for certain that the official cemetery of Bezymyanlag was located at the Mekhzavod site. There is no exact geographical reference, as you understand. But the cemetery was really big. So, at the beginning of 1942, the funeral team, consisting of a hundred people, did not have time to bury the dead.

There are much more unofficial graveyards, information about which is available only from the words of eyewitnesses. We consider the information about the cemetery in the area of ​​the current school No. 73 to be the most trustworthy.

Burials were discovered during the construction of house No. 160 in the mid-1980s. Here is how the then events are described in the blog of Igor Kondratiev:

“Of course, the excavations began. And there everything was mixed up, skulls, arms, legs. I remember children well, there were many broken, split, with holes. The next day, someone came, fenced off with a ribbon, well, and then the construction continued.

One can only guess who could be buried here, but the same blogger Vladimir Nekhoroshev claims that the Bezymyanlag residential area was located in these parts. However, there is no evidence for this. The continuity is maintained. On the site of the former nameless cemetery, there is still a mortuary, whose “guests” are the residents of the house opposite.

Text: Andrey Artemov, Andrey Kochetkov(chapter #1)
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If you're the owner of an old house, then you've probably wondered at some point who slept in your bedroom long before you, when the plumbing was last changed, or why this ghost keeps hiding your car keys. Investigating the history of your home is not only an exciting journey into the past, but also an opportunity to learn how it was built and how it should be maintained. To explore the history of your home, try the following steps.

Steps

Visit your local court or historical society. They have access to your home's official serial number. When it comes to land and property, the most formal accounting is done using a completely different system, not the address you are familiar with (especially since addresses and street names change over time).

• In older areas, the registration system land property, itself may have changed over time. Local, state or county land registers or local historical societies should be able to find the official lot number (or equivalent) for your home. This will help the rest of your research run smoothly.

1. While you are there, ask for a copy of the original building permit. A building permit is usually a treasure trove of information, including the home's original dimensions, construction dates and cost, and the names of the architects, contractors, and/or original owners.

   • Check with the historical society or district court for a copy of the permit.
   • Note that there may be a small fee for their services (someone has to dust the old archives once in a while), but it's still a good price to pay for the expensive information contained in these documents.

2. Dig up and get a new copy of your property statement. This is the document containing all acts and legal transactions related to your property. This will give you information about all the previous owners of your home. You may have received this copy when you purchased the house, otherwise return to the county court (or print it out and bring it with you as a checklist)!

   • View the history of changes in the price of purchase - sale. Sometimes a significant increase in the selling price within a short period of time usually means that the building or premises has been completed or that a major renovation has been made. Check the building permit, which lists building types, dates of construction, details, and owner(s).
   • If you live in the United States, visit your local or county court to see the land registry. The register is usually located at the land registry office or the records office. Ask the register of records specifically for your property.
   • In the US, this information is indexed by lot and block number in the city, as well as by the division of township areas and rural property.

3. Browse the archive of newspapers in your city. They can usually be found in the library, although you might try your luck at the Historical Society or the District Court, where they will brief you on the current state of affairs.

   • Look for mentions of construction in the neighborhood, previous owners of the property, and any ads for sale or rent that are relevant to your address. If you're lucky, you might even find old photos.
   • Search in the past. Street names and numbers change over time, so don't dive right into old records expecting to find familiar landmarks.
   • Find a suitable time period. If you know, for example, when your home was built or skyrocketed in value, do an extra thorough search around that event in sections like "buildings" and "architecture".

4. Visit your local municipal planner. Find an office that issues building permits, assesses property taxes, or records home sales. They must also have public records relating to your home. Often, old houses can pass from one owner to another by will or other form of transfer of property, and this data may not be entered in the register. You can look at topographic maps to find information about completed or demolished parts of the building.

   • In life, we can only be sure of two things, one of them is taxes, so the office of an appraiser in his area is a great place to start looking. The examiner keeps a record of the value subject to tax, and there may be taken into account old estimates describing the house in great detail. You can also check old city directories (cancelled phone books listing houses by address), county history, demographic statistics and census data.

5. Inspect your home carefully. You can learn a lot just by looking at it. Familiarize yourself with how it was built and what type building materials was used.

   • Examine the walls and profile of the house. Look for original materials such as fireplace bricks.
   • The design of a home may have changed dramatically over the years, and you can find some clues as to when your home was built, what significant changes it went through, and how much income the original owners had.
   • Try looking under the lid of the water tank in the toilet. Under the lid is usually a date stamp, which will give you an approximate time of when your house was built, as the toilet was presumably installed shortly after it was made. After you're done, don't forget to put the cover back on.
   • You can also get an idea of ​​how long ago the rooms were remodeled. For example, different styles of cabinets and appliances in the kitchen are in and out of fashion every few years. Brown plaid wallpaper or an avocado refrigerator, the 70s screamed louder than a room full of disco dancers singing Y.M.C.A.

6. Talk to your neighbors. If you're new to the area and want to learn about the history of your home, longtime neighbors can help.

   • Ask them which previous tenants they know and whether the tenants spent repair work that they can remember. In addition, ask the neighbors about your house - great way melt the ice between you.
   • If they look at you strangely and, after asking "Don't you know...?", run away without even offering a cookie, then there is a really interesting story hiding in your old house!
   • If you and your neighbors become good friends, you can even ask permission to study the structure of their home to get clues about your own. In some areas there are many similar houses built at the same time (so-called model houses), whether for the purpose of practicality or following the latest architectural trends.
   • For example, according to The New York Times, porch awnings were extremely popular in the 50s and 60s in New York, but they are now falling out of fashion and many homeowners are trying to remove this "thorn".
   • In 50 years, homeowners will pay a huge amount of money to have their an old house was modernized according to the latest fashion and pleasing to the eye: a canopy over the porch.

7. Find previous owners to find out what improvements have been made. Owner information can also be obtained by tracing the history of land ownership. Once you know who owned this land before you, find them using the internet search feature or use the many commercial services available to find people. Talking to the former owners will give you a better idea of ​​the home's original condition. Of course, that's easier said than done, especially if you're looking for an owner(s) who died hundreds of years ago. In this case, you may need professional help with these types of cases. As Marshall McLuhan said, "The medium is the message."

   Research the history of your area. There may be much more available information about your area than about your home, and it can make a huge difference in immersing your home's history. For very old houses, such as those found mostly in most of Europe, information about the surrounding area may be the only information about the early history of the house.

   Collect any information to create a chronological picture of your home. Find out how and when it was built, when various parts of it were added or removed, and what natural phenomena may have altered it.

8. Try looking for photos of your house from yesteryear or the houses in your neighborhood to get an idea of ​​the changes that have taken place since the photos were taken.
9. If you have many copies to be made in government archives or libraries, always ask how much you need to pay for a copy (if cost information is not available).
10. Visit a local historical Museum or search the internet for information.
11. Look for like-minded people.
12. Use the help rooms and computers to find the information you need. Look for historical documents and address lists of former owners.

Warnings

• Be careful when attacking personal life previous owners or their relatives. They may have painful memories they don't want to remember, or they just don't want to be disturbed. Sometimes, it is better to collect information without contacting former residents personally. In any case, respect their wishes if they do not want to give you time to talk.
• Be careful when handling fragile, old documents. These may be the only entries available. Protect documents with clear archival envelopes (available at art and craft stores) and store documents in folders. Folders will be useful in some situations.