Investment tools. Concept and types of investment instruments. Basic investment instruments

Investing today is an absolutely legal and, undoubtedly, a profitable way to generate income. However, it will be so only if the investor knows the principles of the entire investment market, and also has a basic knowledge of the narrow area in which he finances. If he does not know this, does not understand the subject matter and does not understand what investment instruments he should use, then such deposits are doomed to failure.

After all, even in the manufacturing sector, manufacturing different types products have their own characteristics, which form certain advantages and risks. Without taking into account such factors, it is impossible to make a successful investment.

To benefit from your investment Money, will require the competent use of investment instruments. What are they and what is their function, and most importantly - what is it all about?

Investment instruments- this is absolutely everything in which you can invest money and get a certain income from this. Such instruments are absolutely everything that brings income from the previous investment.

Let's say that this includes not only securities or deposits in a bank that bring a percentage of their volume, but vegetables bought at a wholesale price, which will be sold at retail, will bring a certain income. This example just illustrates more clearly how to this financial category Absolutely everything that can improve the well-being of the investor applies.

What tools distinguish

All investment instruments can be divided according to the types of deposits:

• Real - this is an investment of capital, for example, in the construction or reconstruction of production and non-production structures;
• Intellectual - the contribution of monetary funds to intellectual development - education in one's own country or abroad, retraining of personnel, raising their qualifications, etc .;
• Financial instruments are the most commonly used instruments. These include deposits, securities and the like.

Popular investment instruments

Here small list investment instruments that are most commonly used:

1. Investments of finance in banks, this also includes depository deposits. Income is obtained from the interest specified in the contract;
2. Savings programs of insurance companies, as well;
3. Securities such as bonds and shares of organizations;
4. Mutual funds or mutual funds. This instrument involves the creation of a common capital for all investors, from which, in fact, income is obtained. Further, the management company divides this income between all investors, depending on the initial volume of investments of each participant;
5. Stocks of exchange-traded funds. This new instrument, which is more progressive and compares favorably with the previous one. These shares are constantly circulating on the stock exchange, but at the same time, all operations on them can be performed throughout the day, and their price also changes depending on the activity of trading and traders;
6. Funds that are engaged in the purchase and subsequent more profitable sale of shares - hedge funds;
7. Precious metals. This type of investment will not bring special income, however, will keep the capital intact and safe, regardless of economic situation in the world - precious metals practically do not change their market value;
8. Real estate;
9. And the last option is an alternative one. This category of tools includes all types not previously described - precious stones and antiques, collectibles, cars, antiques, stamp collections,

Good afternoon, dear readers! The topic of the article today is investments and investment instruments.

The question of where to invest money is being asked today by more and more people. says that money should work for you, not you for money.

And I cannot but agree with his words. And investments just allow us to make money work for us.

Investment instruments are ways of investing money. There are more than fifty investment instruments in total, but I will only talk about the main ones.

Investment instruments

• Bank deposit. Today it is the most popular and least risky way to invest money. But the profit is minimal here: 5% - 10% per annum. It is not even able to cover inflation, but it is still better than keeping money at home.

When choosing a deposit, you should pay attention to the following points:

1. the possibility of replenishing the deposit;
2. the ability to withdraw part of the money without losing interest;
3. monthly capitalization of interest, that is, the addition of interest to the amount of deposits.

• Endowment life insurance... You receive the accumulated money and the accrued interest. This tool is suitable for those who are the only breadwinner in the family. For example, if you have children and you bring most of the income to the family. Endowment insurance is a plan financial protection: it protects your future and the future of your loved ones.
• Investment funds... Fund is means a large number investors. The fund is managed investment company, which invests capital of investors in various securities.
• Stock . These are securities issued by companies to raise additional funds for business development. Shares are common and preferred. The owners of preferred shares do not have the right to vote at the shareholders' meeting, but they receive regular dividends, which are declared upon purchase of the share.

When buying stocks, you can get two types of income:

1. Profit from growth in value. It is better to buy shares for a long time (for several years). During this time, their cost can increase several times. For example, a Gazprom share at the beginning of 1999 cost 8.55 rubles. Today it costs 121, 85 rubles.
2. Dividends. The decision to pay dividends is made by the company itself. She has no obligation to pay them.

• Bonds. Another type of securities. They are issued for the same purpose as stocks.

The bond issues are:

1. state;
2. corporations;
3. local authorities.

Bonds are coupon and discount.

Coupon bond - a bond with a fixed interest rate, the income on which is paid periodically (1-2 times a year) at a predetermined interest rate.

The interest payment is called a coupon payment. The market value of such a bond is always either more or less than the face value, as a result of which, in addition to the coupon yield, you can also get a discount profit. A discount is the difference between the market value and the par value of a bond. par - the amount that the owner will receive upon redemption of the bond.

Discount bond - a bond for which income is paid in the form of a discount. Its market value is below par.

• Futures. This is a contract that obliges the persons who have entered into it to complete the sale and purchase transaction on a fixed date in the future at a predetermined price. Investors use futures to speculate for profit.
• Options. Options are similar to futures, with the difference that they do not oblige to make a deal, but only give the right to make a deal.
• Currency . I think everything is clear here. You buy currency at a certain rate and hope that in the future you will be able to sell it at a profit.
• Forex. It's international. You sell one currency and buy another. It is a highly profitable, but also the most risky investment instrument. Some even consider him a scam. It is not worth trading without special knowledge and experience, otherwise you can lose all your invested money. It's my personal opinion. What do you think?
• HYIP. They can be divided into two groups: and pyramids.

In the first case, the organizers receive income from Forex trading and investments in a highly profitable business.

In the second case, these are mainly online projects that promise huge interest rates of 5-50% per day.

They exist due to the influx of investor money. As soon as there is no longer enough money to pay and support the project (and more often even earlier), the project is closed and payments are stopped. Typically, such projects only exist for a few days.

If you invest money at the very beginning of the project's existence and withdraw it in 1-2 days, you can get a good profit. But the risk of losing everything is also very high.

• Trust management. If the investor does not have enough knowledge or time to manage his funds, then he can entrust them to a professional manager. The purpose of fiduciary management is to obtain maximum profit at moderate risk.
• Stock exchanges... They trade in securities. You buy, for example, stocks, wait for the moment when they rise in price, sell and make a profit.
• The property . To acquire it, large funds are required. You can invest in the following objects:

1. Land;
2. Residential Properties;
3. Commercial real estate.

Profits can be obtained through the sale of real estate, renting out, increased passive capital due to an increase in the market value of real estate.

• Precious metals... These are gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals. Their reserves are small and they have unique properties: they are not subject to corrosion and oxidation.

You can invest in gold in the following ways:

1. buying bullion;
2. buying coins;
3. opening a "metal" bank account.

• Investment in precious stones: diamonds, diamonds, rubies, sapphires
• Antiques and collectibles... In my opinion, this is first of all a hobby and only then an investment tool. The beauty of a collectible is that it provides inflation protection. The older the item, the more expensive it is. But it is quite difficult to sell and does not bring recurring profits. You can also invest in art and wine collections.
• Education . Have you ever viewed your education as an investment? You received an education that allowed you to get a job with a high salary or start your own business. In this case, your investment was successful and you made a profit. companies spend money on staff training, as in the future this will allow them to make more profits. Investing in knowledge is the best investment, read about it.
• Business. It is also an investment tool. You create a business that becomes a source of income (or vice versa). Or you are investing in another person's business.
• Web sites . They can also be an investment tool. For example, you want to create, you must first make investments: buy hosting, domain, spend money on website promotion.

This concludes my list. Now you know a little more about investment instruments and where you can invest your money. You will find out about where I invest money on this page.

What are you investing in? Do you know other tools where you can invest your money?

As you know, investing is an investment of funds with the aim of increasing them in the future. For investing, there are many tools with which to achieve profit. I will try to consider them as objectively as possible in this review.

Investment instruments themselves are all where we can invest money in order to achieve profit. Naturally, no one will invest money in something else, unless, of course, it is charity or patronage. But in order to deal with the latter, you still need to achieve the level of well-being at which you can afford it, and for this you just need to be able to choose the right investment instrument. So, investment instruments are any types of investment of money that provide an opportunity to increase the amount invested in the future, and preferably in the near future.

Based on this definition, made by us offhand, it becomes clear that there are a lot of investment instruments - from buying a centner of potatoes for its subsequent retail with an extra charge per kilogram or the purchase of a starter package of some type of network marketing such as Avon to financial participation in the construction of a new skyscraper in Dubai or the development of an oil field in Siberia, which implies dividends from the successful implementation of these projects. All these types of investment, one way or another, refer to some kind of instrument financial investment... Let's consider the main ones.

First of all, investment instruments are divided by types of investment into:

Real - capital investment;
intellectual - investment in education, retraining, etc .;
financial - securities, deposits, etc.

Each of the types of investment listed above includes some of its specific instruments.
In this regard, the following investment instruments are distinguished in the economic literature:

1) bank deposits (or deposits);
2) insurance and pension savings programs;
3) securities (shares and bonds);
4) structured products of banks;
5) mutual investment funds (UIF);
6) shares of exchange-traded funds or exchange traded funds (ETF);
7) hedge funds;
8) precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, etc.);
9) real estate;
10) alternative - precious stones, antiques, luxury and art items, collections of old coins, wines, etc.

Recently, there has also been an opportunity for Internet investment, which allows you to perform operations related to almost all of the listed investment instruments through Internet banking, whether it be currency exchange, purchase of unit investment funds, or simply profitable investment money at interest. With sufficient start-up capital you can also invest in the development of any Internet business or open your project on the global network.

Whatever investment instrument you choose for yourself, each of them is associated with certain risks, therefore according to the degree of risk, investment instruments are divided into:

Low-risk;
average risk;
high-risk.

Unfortunately, there is a direct relationship between the profitability and the degree of risk of any investment instrument: the higher the expected profit from the investment and the sooner it is expected, the more risky it is, as a rule. And it is the riskiness of the chosen instrument that is the main criterion for the investor when evaluating it. For this reason, we will consider all three types in more detail.

Low-risk include instruments that give a conditionally guaranteed income. The percentage of profitability of this group is comparable to the profitability of deposits of the most reliable banks, and its value is on average from 5 to 7% per annum.

This group of tools includes:

- deposits in state banks of the country;
- accumulative programs;
- bonds government loan;
- keeping savings in foreign currency;
- bills of Sberbank and VTB.

The profitability of the listed instruments is practically guaranteed, and the invested capital will be returned to you to the investor, at least in the absolute amount. The only risk here may be the refusal of the state to fulfill its obligations, which we have repeatedly encountered in the modern history of Russia. However, if we talk about savings programs then some Insurance companies take upon themselves guarantees of payments even in this case, because they themselves are reinsured with the most reliable foreign policyholders.

- deposits of up to 700 thousand rubles in commercial banks;
- bills of exchange of commercial banks;
- promissory notes commercial companies;
- bonds of commercial companies;
- shares of real estate funds;
- shares of bond funds;
- rented real estate;
- purchase of a ready-made business.

It is clear that the instruments of this group have commercial risks of loss from 30% to 50%, and in some cases even the entire capital invested. We came across such examples during the crises of 1998 and 2008, when many firms and entrepreneurs simply went bankrupt, and assets partially lost their value.

And finally to the high-risk group, assuming a yield of 30% and above, include:

- creation own business;
- stock;
- shares of equity funds and index funds;
- trading in currencies, stocks, instruments derivatives market and commodities.

Using these tools does not exclude the loss of investment from 70% to 100%, i.e. the percentages indicated here are an indicator of the probability of loss initial capital. Similar examples also a lot. These are lost investments in the Forex market, and the fall of Sberbank shares in 2008 by almost 90%, and the same percentage of the death of a newly created business in the country in the very first year of creation, and in the next 5 years - the same number of 10% "survivors "In the first year.
As you can see, the above formula for the dependence of profitability on risk is confirmed by these indicators. So what should a private investor invest in if he wants to get relatively high returns with minimal risk?

Let's consider several popular types of investment instruments, which were mentioned above.

Financial assets- This is perhaps one of the most affordable types of investment today.
Of the instruments of the group with the lowest risk, a bank deposit is an investment and savings activity. However, adjusted for inflation bank deposits rarely give more than 2% profit. This means that a bank deposit does not belong to highly profitable instruments, and its essence boils down to the accumulation and preservation of capital.
Other types financial assets do not have any guarantees, therefore investors proceed from the credibility, terms of existence in the market and the dynamics of the company's development. Although it also happens that the company seems to have been developing steadily so far, namely, after your investment in it, it suddenly becomes bankrupt. In general, the rest of the instruments in this group require the investor to understand some of the intricacies, without which the risk of losing money is very high. But if you have the necessary knowledge, you can really get a good income from investments in securities, shares of enterprises or equity participation in them.

Money- These include real investment, such as, for example, precious metals, which seems more attractive in comparison with bank deposits.
The fact is that over the past few decades, gold has never fallen in price, but only increased. True, its growth was not stable every year. For example, during the years of the crisis, it even fell in price, but unlike other types of assets, it recovered faster than anyone else, returning to growth again.
Investing in gold involves many ways: this is trading futures contracts through the exchange; and VAT-free metal accounts, which are considered the most affordable and least dangerous; and etc.
Real estate also belongs to investment savings. It should be borne in mind here that this instrument can be both active and passive investment. For example, if you rent out a purchased apartment, you have income not only due to the increase in its value, but also by receiving rent for it. And if you live in it yourself, then the investment will already be passive, since maintenance, utility and tax payments, repairs, etc. may well cover the total annual growth in the cost of an apartment. At the same time, we must not forget that if you suddenly want to sell it and do it quickly, you will have to go for a tangible discount to the buyer, therefore this type of investment is usually made for the long term and is considered a kind of conservation of investments.
Thus, for all its attractiveness and a good percentage of annual income, real estate has its drawbacks in terms of liquidity, i.e. the impossibility of promptly converting it into real money.

Business investment- this type means investments, both in your own business and in someone else's.
By "stranger" is meant not only share in some company, but also work in it, i.e. investing your labor and time and receiving a remuneration for this in the form of a salary. And if you work in a good position and earn good money, then you can create initial capital for investing in your own business.
As you know, the most reliable, efficient and profitable investment will be fully controlled, and 100% control is real only with full ownership of the invested business. However, the disadvantage of your own business is often that you have to invest in it not only money, but at first all your time and energy, and also have business qualities otherwise, there is a great risk of losing all these investments. It's another matter if you will only equity participant any business project without direct management of the company. Then you risk only the invested money, and, of course, your nerves.

Stock or foreign exchange market. Here we must immediately make a reservation that the first is to some extent less risky and more predictable than the second.
For instance, Forex market is not regulated in any way by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and Russian brokerage companies registered outside the country. This serves as a fertile ground for fraudsters, which has led to the emergence of minimizing the possibility of fraud due to the transparency for the investor of all transactions with his account.
Usually investments in the foreign exchange and stock markets are made through trust management of their capital, i.e. you trust your capital in order to increase it in some way management company, which, by investing in certain types of assets, increases the invested funds.
The main advantages of trust management are: the ability to invest comparatively small amounts, much higher yield than deposits with high liquidity and the ability to deposit and withdraw funds at any time. The main disadvantage is the high risk of losing the invested funds, even if you yourself will be engaged in their management.

Summing up all that has been said, it remains only to admit once again that today there are no 100% successful investment instruments yet. It remains to rely only on your own knowledge, experience and flair. The investment instruments available in our country are very diverse, but you need to be well informed about the opportunities that each of them provides. In any case, experts give very optimistic forecasts of the dynamics of the development of Russian financial markets... However, their recommendations for maintaining positions in the most reliable instruments remain the same.
According to experts, the possibility of losing money on the stock exchange is much higher than the possibility of earning it. Nevertheless, according to statistics of recent years, it can be seen that more and more citizens of the Russian Federation are attracting investments in securities: the desire for profit with the least risk against the background of modern economic realities makes them look for new investment instruments.
V last years the popularity of commodity funds is growing, but investing in them is somewhat hampered by Russia's low access to world commodity exchanges. In the light of recent trends, combining financial instruments and banking products the so-called "hybrid instruments", when the rate on a bank deposit is tied, for example, to a stock index or some other indicator.
Thus, the wide range of instruments available to today's investors provides a variety of options for a successful investment strategy.

The range of instruments that can be used to preserve and increase the funds available to the investor is very wide today - these are real estate, precious metals, art objects, bank deposits, mutual funds, stocks, bonds, financial derivatives, currency and much more. Which instrument to choose for investing your funds depends on the personal skills and preferences of the investor.

There is a direct relationship between the return on investment and the degree of risk that the investor bears: the greater the expected return, the higher the level of risk. The main task of the investor is to assess the risk of his activities and determine its acceptable level.

Conservative investments

Conservative investment instruments include: real estate, bank deposits, government bonds and securities of highly reliable companies with a slight increase in market value, investments in precious metals. Each of the listed instruments practically guarantees the investor safety and a slight increase in funds (up to 10% per annum). At the same time, bank deposits are additionally insured, but the profitability from them is practically equal to or slightly higher than the inflation rate in the given country.

Moderate investment

Moderate investments include stocks and bonds large companies, bills of commercial banks, investment in mutual funds(Mutual fund) with a mixed investment policy (using conservative and aggressive instruments). With average profitability and liquidity, moderate investments have a low level of risk.

Aggressive investment

Aggressive investment instruments include: stocks, bonds of small and medium-sized companies, futures, options, currencies. These instruments are the most profitable, but at the same time the most risky. Their high volatility often leads to a loss of capital, but under favorable circumstances can provide more than 100% of the annual return.

Non-professional investors are best suited to invest in real estate, precious metals, bank deposits, and high-profile stocks.

If you decide to invest your funds a little more professionally, then first you need to research and understand the principles of financial instruments. Online trading can become a very effective, but high-risk investment, which, with a competent approach, will bring high income... The attractive aspects of this type of investment are relative simplicity and small initial capital. In the absence of free time, your funds can also be donated to trust management according to your chosen strategy, but this also has its disadvantage - most often management companies set a high entry threshold (from $ 10,000).

Wherever you start your investment activity, first of all, you need to be aware that with a variety of instruments in today's market, there is no such type of investment that guarantees 100% safety of funds and high profits. Only with good information is it possible to find a compromise option for risk and profitability.

Font A A

Investments make it possible to receive passive income, but the majority of Russians are still skeptical about this way of earning money. In fact, a lot depends on the method of investing money: there are both extremely risky and absolutely safe options. Novice investors are rarely able to correctly identify investment instruments that are suitable for their purposes and relate to the available funds the first time. For everyone who wants to increase their capital, we have collected the most proven and reliable investment options.

Investment instruments are ways of investing finance aimed at preserving and increasing the investor's capital.

Benjamin Franklin said during his lifetime that investments in knowledge would bring the greatest dividends: it is better to spend time and, possibly, a certain amount of money on studying the investment market than to understand it by trial and error, losing your capital.

To determine for yourself the most suitable channel for investing funds, you should first understand their types.

The safest way to invest money in legal projects and organizations

First of all, investment instruments are considered from the point of view of the purpose of investing resources. Based on this, the following types are distinguished:

• real - investments in material objects or objects, which should not necessarily lead to profit in the future (purchase of real estate, art objects, precious metals, etc.);
• intellectual - means investing in education, advanced training, innovations in any area; for example, an intellectual investment can be both buying a training course and contributing to the development of innovations;
• financial - aimed at increasing money and include purchases of shares, shares, bank deposits, currency transactions, and so on.

Intellectual and real investment instruments do not have to lead to further profitability. For example, an investor who has bought a house can live in it himself, or he can make money on it by renting it out, or even sell it. The situation is the same with investments in education: it is assumed that this will make it possible to earn more in the future, but in practice, the diploma or skills obtained may not be useful.

Financial instruments are considered the most profitable for those wishing to receive passive income, therefore they are of the greatest interest. However, it should be borne in mind that investments are not only an opportunity to increase capital, but also the risk of losing money. Moreover, different instruments have different degrees of risk, there are three general groups:

• conservative (low degree) do not carry almost any threat to the investor's capital, however, they multiply it with less intensity than investment instruments with a higher risk coefficient;
• moderate (medium) - investment instruments that have 10-20% profitability indicators from the investor's investments.
• aggressive (high degree), with a competent and judicious approach, bring their investors from 30% profitability on investments and more; at the same time, they are the most dangerous and poorly predictable in terms of the loss of capital investments.

Most investors prefer to combine their assets, distributing funds between instruments with different levels of risk.

Popular financial investment instruments

Some tools can be used with only 1,000 rubles, while others will require a large investment.

Bank deposits and deposits

Deposits and deposits are among the safest types of investments. They are quite common among investors who are not seeking to make a fortune in the shortest possible time. The profitability and profitability of these investment instruments is directly related to the fact that banks need financial reserves to fully carry out their activities, therefore they always offer profitable terms for depositors.

There is a deeply rooted myth in society that the deposit and Bank deposit- This is the same. In practice, a deposit implies the ability to invest not only currency, but also precious metals or securities, in contrast to deposits that limit the investor's investment of exclusively monetary resources.

When opening an account, the conditions offered by the bank become the determining factor. The main indicators of the profitability of investments in a deposit or deposit are as follows:

• interest rate - the established amount of income;
• the possibility of replenishment, thanks to which the investor has the right to increase the amount of his deposit at his own request, while the bank must directly increase the accrued dividends on the deposit in direct proportion;
• the possibility of capitalization - the addition of accrued interest to the body of the deposit, due to which the amount of income will increase in the future;
• the ability to withdraw money early (some banks in this case recalculate income at the minimum rate).

As an example, on the "Top up" deposit in Sberbank for an amount from 1,000 to 100,000 rubles, the yield is 4.75-5.21%. In case of early withdrawal, interest is charged at the "demand" rate, which is 0.1%. Thus, an investor who has invested 10,000 rubles will receive, in the event of an early withdrawal, not 10,475-10,521 rubles, but only 10,010 rubles.

Opening deposits and deposits allows you to save your money. In particular, this is facilitated by state guarantees: in accordance with the federal law "On Deposit Insurance individuals in banks of the Russian Federation "dated 23.12.2003 N 177-FZ, each depositor of the bank has the right to a full return of the invested funds in the amount of up to 1.4 million rubles.

At the expense of compulsory insurance deposits, the risks of such an investment instrument are significantly reduced

The disadvantage of this type of investment is only low profitability compared to other financial instruments.

The property

Like deposits with deposits, investing in real estate has a low degree of risk. This is due to the constant growth of the real estate market, as well as the fact that the demand for residential and commercial space is quite high.

Youtube channel speaker Kira Yukhtenko talks about real estate investment trends in 2019:

The obvious disadvantage of such investments will be the initial need for large amount for investment. However, even here there are alternative buying options that allow you to save money. To reduce costs, you can purchase real estate:

• when building;
• by installments;
• jointly by a group of investors (rather relevant for commercial real estate than for residential);
• on the secondary market, in order to carry out high-quality repairs and further more profitable sale.

These options are suitable for those who cannot immediately invest the required amount in a finished apartment, but have a certain amount of funds to buy square meters for more loyal conditions.

When choosing such an investment, it is worth evaluating not only the future profit, but also the costs incurred by the maintenance of the premises, including the payment of taxes on it.

Such a tool also has its risks. For example, the collapse of the real estate market, in which the object will lose its value. However, the risks can be circumvented by holding the property in the hands of the investor and temporarily renting it out in order to compensate for the drawdown and sell it with a subsequent rise in prices.

Mutual fund

Mutual investment funds offer potential investors to acquire shares of companies in the formed portfolios in the form of securities. This type of investment does not imply quick profits and is suitable for those who seek to gradually increase their capital. As a rule, investments in mutual funds generate income proportional to the size of the redeemed share (registered security issued by the fund).

According to clause 2 of Article 11 Federal law No. 156 "On Investment Funds", the funds transferred to the mutual fund are transferred to its ownership, so they cannot be taken away. You can get money back only as part of the income from the fund's financial operations.

The main advantage is that the investor does not burden himself with unnecessary activities, but simply invests money and receives passive income. The profitability and risk level of a mutual fund directly depends on the size of the portfolio and the shares it contains, as well as on whether the securities in the mutual fund will become more expensive or cheaper.

Mutual funds collect investors, at the expense of which they form the capital of the fund

Investors' finances are managed by a broker who receives a percentage of the profits. Accordingly, it is profitable for him to correctly predict the further rise or fall of shares and purchase those securities that will bring the greatest income.

Earlier, a certain threshold for joining a mutual fund was set for investors, which is usually at least 50,000 rubles. But today such a limitation has almost outlived its usefulness, and now the threshold is calculated individually from the investor's portfolio.

Hedge funds

A hedge fund is an association of investors created with the aim of increasing their profits. Their main difference from mutual funds is the lack of state regulation, due to which they offer savers more opportunities for financial investments... For example, they are not limited in their work only to stocks and bonds and are actively working with futures, options, currencies and other assets.

Banker and financier Edward Dubinsky talks about the difference between hedge funds and mutual funds:

The first hedge fund was founded by George Soros in 1949, and after about half a century it proved its effectiveness: on the fall of the British currency into the so-called "Black Wednesday" (1992), it earned about $ 1 billion. Since that time, this method of consolidation and investment management began to gain in popularity.

In addition, the work of hedge funds always has a certain investment strategy, which allows you to make a profit not only during the growth of the market, but also during the fall.

This is where their significant advantages lie. Experts also note the low degree of risk of such an investment. However, the probability of losses still remains, which is usually associated either with an incorrectly chosen investment strategy, or with an erroneous assessment of the market situation.

As in the case of mutual funds, the broker manages the investments of investors and receives a percentage of the profit for this.

The policy of work of hedge funds is based on what stocks, currencies, bonds they operate and in what market conditions. So, on a downtrend, a hedge fund can sell $ 100,000 in debt shares in one package for $ 80,000, and on the difference of $ 20,000 and minus $ 1,000 for the services of a broker, the hedge fund will earn $ 19,000 in profit.

Precious metals

Investing in precious metals is considered one of the most reliable and profitable species investment, since gold has consistently shown a high growth rate for several decades. Sometimes the cost falls, and therefore it is necessary to closely follow the course in order to competently perform financial operations.

Kira Yukhtenko predicts the development of the precious metals market:

In addition to gold, precious metals include:

• platinum;
• palladium;
• silver.

There are several ways to invest in metals:

• purchase ingots from the bank;
• purchase coins;
• open an impersonal metal account.

The first two options imply the storage of precious metals with the subsequent receipt of profit from the sale (if desired).

An impersonal metal account (OMC) is a cross between an investment and a deposit. In this case, the account holder does not receive metals in his hands, and income is accrued due to the growth in prices for gold (Au), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) - these are the accounts that can be opened in banks of the Russian Federation. When opening an account, you must invest the cost of the selected metal at the exchange rate in monetary terms.

From the video you can learn about the features, advantages and disadvantages of opening the CHI:

The minimum investment in compulsory medical insurance in most banks is 1 gram.

In the future, you can withdraw money to your card. The withdrawal amount will be equal to the weight of the metal on the account.

The main advantages of compulsory medical insurance: no need to rent cells for storing metals. However, there are some risks: these accounts are not covered by the program. state insurance, therefore, if the bank is liquidated, the investor may lose his money.

Securities

Securities - documents confirming property rights for material or other benefits. Distinguish between basic and derived types. The first are:

• stock;
• bonds;
• depositary receipts;
• promissory notes;
• bank certificates;
• government securities.

Derivative securities appear when the value of the underlying asset changes. These include:

• swaps;
• options;
• futures.

All securities have a nominal and market value... The first is indicated in the document initially, the second is formed on the basis of the influence of external economic factors.

Among investors, the most popular securities are stocks and bonds. Both of these assets are considered investment instruments of the stock market, but they also have their own differences:

• the share gives the ownership of a certain share in the company, as well as to receive part of its profits;
• bond is a debt paper, upon purchase of which the investor actually becomes the creditor of the project.

The rise and fall of stocks depends on a number of external economic factors and the profit of the company, therefore, buying a share of the company does not guarantee regular income

The issuer (the company that issued the bond) returns the par value to the investor together with the accrued interest. In general, this scheme resembles the principle of operation of a deposit.

There are two types of bonds:

• coupon, from which dividends are paid gradually, while the value of the asset itself does not decrease.
• savings certificate confirms the amount of the deposit invested in the bank, as well as the right not to return funds with accrued interest.

The profitability and risks from such investments directly depend on the success of the issuing company, which issues specific assets. In addition, the value of securities may change depending on market conditions.

More information about securities can be found in the video:

Government bonds give an average of 3-7% stable profit per year. At the same time, shares of various companies can bring up to 20-30% or more, but at the same time they have increased risks. That is, in some situations, such securities can not only fail to give profit, but also bring losses.

Stocks of exchange-traded funds

The essence of investing in stock exchange shares investment funds(BIF) is that they are bought at a low price, and at the peak of growth they come true, and the investor makes money on the difference in rates.

This type of investment is more suitable as an additional one than as a main one, due to the high degree of risk. Its disadvantage is that the financial "swing" is extremely difficult to predict, and this forms a high risk factor for such investments.

Risks can be mitigated by buying shares of popular companies, but they require a large initial investment.

Less common tools

Usually, people trust trusted tools, so the options listed below are rarely considered, especially by novice investors. In any case, they all have a fairly high degree of risk, so the approach to them should be as careful as possible.

Life insurance

Life insurance often acts as a necessity when you need to fly to another country or just to ensure safety for yourself and your health. However, you can make money on this.

There are two types of life insurance:

• accumulative (NSH), within which the investor purchases insurance for himself for a certain amount, further making deposits before the deadline;
• investment (ILI) - implies a one-time large investment of a contribution.

Unlike conventional insurance, ILI and NSJ imply a refund at the end of the contract.

Speaker of the project "Economist for an Hour" Rami Zaytsman talks about investment insurance life:

However, both types work according to the same principle: the investor's possible income is formed on the basis of the amount invested and the rate offered by the life insurance agency.

First of all, the NSA is considered as a variant of a savings account. In addition, banks invest money received from clients who have taken out investment or endowment life insurance in large projects. In this case, you can claim to receive income within the framework of the "participation rate", the indicators of which are prescribed in the contract.

Most often, the "participation rate" is 50-80% of the total income: this is exactly the percentage of the profit that the client can receive.

Financial experts note that Russia and its population have only recently begun to actively develop this type of investment after lowering interest rates on deposits... But in Western countries, it spread much earlier due to literate conditions and a higher awareness of the population.

Trust management

This method implies the transfer of authority to manage the finances for investment to another person - as a rule, a specialist providing this type of service.

The manager plays a key role, since the profitability of such an investment depends on his professionalism.

This option is similar to buying a mutual fund portfolio or investing in a hedge fund, but in this case it is not necessary to assemble a group of other investors or to be part of it yourself.

The methods of communication with the manager depend on which group of assets it is supposed to work with. You can find a good specialist through:

• stock markets;
• exchanges;
• brokers.

As a manager can be entity, engaged in financial management, or a private person whose qualifications the investor trusts. These professionals or companies take 10 to 20% of the profits for their services.

IFIs

Microfinance organizations (MFOs) specialize in granting loans for small amounts and usually under high interest rates compared to banking.

Investor Andrey Knyazev talks about earning money by partnering with an MFO:

Like banks, they need financial reserves to provide services, which is why many of them offer partners favorable conditions for high-yield investments. You can invest money in an MFI for the purpose of making a profit. The minimum investment amount is 1.5 million rubles, and the interest rate is 21-23%, provided that the investment is irrevocable within a year. But there is also an opportunity to make investments with the possibility of early withdrawal of money, their rate in this case is 16% -18%.

The risk of such investments is that, unlike bank investments, they are not insured by the state. In addition, the MFI will withhold 13% of the investor's total income for taxes.

It is important to correctly approach the choice of a microfinance organization, otherwise there is a risk of being caught by scammers.

Of all the listed financial investment instruments, the lowest in terms of the degree of riskiness are deposits, investments in real estate and in government securities. And the most risky are trust management, MFOs, as well as shares of some exchange-traded funds. Moreover, it is the instruments with the highest degree of risk that are considered the most profitable.