Economy and sport article. Economic relations in the sphere of physical culture and sports. Sports Economics, Theoretical Aspects and Development Prospects

Modern economic systems are complex conglomerates of interacting markets and business entities, each of which performs certain functions. Any enterprise or industry takes its place in the system of social division of labor, satisfies the needs of special groups of consumers.

Demand from business, the state and the mass consumer is presented both for tangible goods and tangible assets - i.e. works and services that do not exist in a tangible form. Accordingly, industries and enterprises that produce material products are classified as material production, and those that produce intangible goods are classified as industries of non-material production.

Physical culture and sports are characterized by all the attributes of non-material production - the product produced by the industry does not have a tangible form and substantive embodiment. However, this does not mean that it does not exist. The branch of physical culture and sports produces such products as health, longevity, entertainment, interesting leisure. Like other sectors of the economy, investment in physical culture and sports brings a multiplier effect - investment in human resources brings a multiple increase in initial investment. The physical culture and sports industry has its own consumers and producers, its own market and non-market institutions, its own industry, harmoniously integrated into the national and international economy. The whole set of economic relations that take place in physical culture and sports, as well as in related industries, is studied by a special science - the economics of physical culture and sports.

The economics of physical culture and sports is an applied discipline that is part of the complex of economic sciences that study the economic activities of individual economic entities and society as a whole in order to understand and explain the nature of this activity, predict economic processes and regulate them. More specifically, the economics of physical culture and sports is a science that studies methods for solving practical problems that arise in the field of sports relations related to the use of material, labor, financial and other resources at the level of individual sports organizations and society as a whole.

It should be emphasized that abroad the terms "physical culture" and "economics of physical culture" are practically not used anywhere. The complex term "sport" is used, which includes all the variety of relations in the preparation, education, management of sports and related activities. In Russian practice and the CIS countries, two terms are used - "physical culture" and "sport". There is no unambiguous interpretation of these concepts, however, it is believed that physical culture is a systematic and varied improvement and strengthening of the human body through physical exercises; contributes to the physical education of the broad masses and the growth of sports achievements. In other words, in our country, physical culture means non-professional recreational sports and its infrastructure, the system of training amateur athletes. The term "sport" has a slightly different meaning - it is more of a professional and commercialized system that produces athletes and coaches, that is, people who are more professionally trained than athletes. At the same time, it is customary to subdivide sports into professional and amateur.

amateur sports is a multifaceted mass sports movement as an organic part of the system of physical education of citizens and the identification of promising and talented athletes in various sports.

Professional sports- entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the interests of professional sports organizations, athletes who have chosen sports as their profession.

As follows from the definition, the economics of physical culture and sports as a science studies economic relations in the sports field and the sports industry at two levels:

firstly, at the national and international level;

secondly, at the level of individual sports and physical culture organizations, clubs, federations and other associations with different forms of ownership and sources of funding.

Thus, the macroeconomics of sports operates with aggregated, aggregate indicators, reveals trends in the development of physical culture and sports, and develops measures for state regulation of economic relations in the sports field.

The microeconomics of sports concentrates the analysis on the economic behavior of individual subjects in the field of physical culture and sports, explores the functioning of separate structural units.

The economics of physical culture and sports is designed to solve the following tasks:

Accumulate and systematize economic knowledge in the field of physical culture and sports;

Generate new knowledge and research in the field of the economics of physical activity and sports;

Identify and formulate economic problems that arise in the process of developing economic relations in the field of physical culture and sports, as well as indicate ways to solve them;

Determine trends in the development of economic processes in domestic and foreign sports, predict their direction and dynamics;

The study of theoretical and practical aspects of the economics of physical culture and sports is carried out using special methods of scientific knowledge, which are often organically combined and in some cases complement each other.

In the economics of physical culture and sports, a comparative-historical method is used, with the help of which, by means of comparison, the general and particular in economic phenomena in their historical development are revealed. The comparative-historical method makes it possible to identify and compare the levels in the development of the studied phenomena and processes, to establish the changes that have occurred in them, to determine the trends and patterns in the development of physical culture and sports in the context of the overall development of the economy.

It should be noted that economic relations in the field of sports are in constant development and complication of relationships. Therefore, past experience is always applicable to present and future events to a limited extent. This circumstance obliges the use of other research methods in the economics of physical culture and sports. In particular, the system of economic analysis is based on the deductive method, that is, private economic processes are substantiated on the basis of general principles.

In the economics of physical culture and sports, methods of analysis and synthesis are also widely used, when an integral economic system is subjected to the procedure of splitting into its constituent parts - separately functioning markets in order to identify their structure, structure, as well as properties and characteristics. At the same time, the synthesis method is also used, that is, combining various elements into a single system. Specifically, this is expressed in the consideration of the economics of physical culture and sports as an integral part of market economy in general, and the system of measures for state regulation of sports relations is interconnected with the general concept of state regulation of economic processes in the country and is an integral part of it.

Along with other methods in the economics of physical culture and sports, the method of scientific abstraction is used, when the object of study is freed from the particular, sometimes random, short-term, single, and the essential, constant, typical is found in it. For example, if the price of T-shirts goes up, then they start to buy less. The same can be said about sneakers, lemonade or sandwiches. Abstracting from the type of goods, we can conclude that this phenomenon has the nature of a pattern, i.e. Valid for all products. Thus, using the method of scientific abstraction, the law of demand is derived.

In the economics of physical education and sports, data presentation methods such as graphs, tables, and charts are often used to illustrate trends and patterns. With their help, it is convenient to conduct an economic analysis of certain processes, to establish relationships between phenomena, to use the tools of mathematics and information and computer technologies.

The development of world civilization leads to the fact that a person has more free time and, accordingly, this leads to the development of those sectors of the economy that satisfy the socio-cultural needs of a person. The laws of development of the socio-cultural sphere today are being studied by specialists in various fields of knowledge - philosophers, culturologists, teachers, doctors, economists. Naturally, in modern conditions the processes of development of the socio-cultural sphere require a deep economic understanding.

Recently, the term " non-production sphere". According to of the all-Russian classifier"Sectors of the national economy" (OKONH) all sectors of the national economy, from the point of view of the social division of labor and participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, are divided into the sphere of material production and non-production sphere.

The non-production sphere includes the following branches of the national economy and activities:

- Housing and utilities;

- non-production types of consumer services;

— healthcare;

— physical culture and social Security;

- public education;

- Culture and art;

- finance, credit, insurance, pension provision; public administration;

- public associations; trade and public catering; transport and communications;

— environmental protection activities.

Thus, the non-productive sphere is a set of industries that are not (or almost not) related to the production of material goods. We can talk about the non-production sphere as the creation of social infrastructure facilities.

However, according to many scientists, the concepts of "non-productive sphere" and "socio-cultural sphere" are not identical.

A number of authors define the socio-cultural sphere as a set of enterprises that produce a product related to the life of people, but in this case, many sectors of the economy, such as the automotive industry, the production of household appliances, and many others, can be attributed to the socio-cultural sphere.

Other scientists define the socio-cultural sphere as a set of enterprises that are important for raising the cultural level of the whole society. In this case, the interpretation of the concept of "socio-cultural sphere" is rather narrow, i.e., only cultural institutions, such as theaters, libraries, clubs, museums, etc., can be included in the list of such enterprises.

In our opinion, the socio-cultural sphere is understood as a set of enterprises, institutions, organizations engaged in the production, distribution, preservation and organization of the consumption of goods and services of socio-cultural and information purposes, thereby ensuring the satisfaction of the socio-cultural and information needs of the population.

This sphere represents the total socio-cultural organization of society and, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On budget classification RF”, the socio-cultural sphere includes the following groups or industries:

— education and training of personnel;

— science and scientific services;

— health care and social security;

- housing and communal services and consumer services;

— culture, art and mass media;

- physical Culture and sport;

— the industry of tourism, hospitality and recreational services.

In the socio-cultural sphere, as in other branches of social production, certain economic relations are manifested. They are formed in the process of reproduction of social benefits, acting both in material form and in the form of services or the useful effect of labor consumed in the process of its production.

Thus, the economics of the socio-cultural sphere is a science designed to study the economic problems of both the sphere as a whole and its individual branches. The formation of the economy social sphere as an independent scientific direction due not only to the need to improve, for example, housing and communal, cultural, educational, medical and other social services, but also to the presence of a wide area of socio-economic relations associated with the need to involve in the circulation of numerous and expensive economic resources various branches of the socio-cultural sphere.

The subject of study of the socio-cultural sphere are theoretical and practical problems related to management, planning, financing, remuneration, structure, system of organization of industries in this sphere.

The objects of the sector of the socio-cultural sphere are closely connected with the activities of the branches of social production, including the production sector, which supplies its products to the socio-cultural sphere. On the other hand, branches of the socio-cultural sphere, presenting a variety of services to the population, including those employed in social production, have an impact on the potential of the labor force, working capacity, educational and cultural level.

Among the problems explored by such a science as the economics of the socio-cultural sphere, the problems of the development of property relations in specific industries and the features of their formation in the modern period are of great importance. During the period of development of market relations in the country, industries that in the planned economy were almost completely state-owned actively use the concept of dividing their material, property and scientific-intellectual complex into state (in the form of federal and municipal property), collective-joint-stock , private property and a combination of these forms.

The subject of study of the economics of the socio-cultural sphere are:

- issues of financing and financial and credit relations, the system of tariffs, methods and standards for the distribution of income and profits of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere;

- problems of labor management at the facilities of its constituent industries, organization and remuneration of labor, taking into account the type and nature of the activity, the quality and result of services;

– issues related to the development of the structure of industries, fixed assets, renewal strategies, volumes and directions for the use of capital investments, studies foreign economic relations of sectors of the socio-cultural sphere, analysis and implementation of best practices in the development and financing of similar structures in foreign countries Oh.

The need to develop market relations in the economy sets the task of significantly updating the methodology and organization of economic analysis in the sectors of the socio-cultural sphere, the transition to international standards analysis and accounting.

Such a discipline as the economics of the socio-cultural sphere is associated with certain aspects of such disciplines as management modern business(management), promotion of goods and services from producer to consumer (marketing), labor economics, statistics, finance, economic sociology, etc.

The economy of sports and physical culture is an integral element of the economy of the socio-cultural sphere. Recently, sport has become an important sector of the economy of many countries, including Russia. It involves significant financial resources and a large number of work force. New models of sports management and financing are constantly being improved and developed. At the same time, the growing trend of commercialization and professionalization, on the one hand, as well as intense competition around budget funds On the other hand, they indicate that sport must learn to independently profit from the resources at its disposal. The population of most countries last years interest in both one's own sports activity (active sports) and passive consumption of sports (spectator sports) has increased significantly. This is confirmed by numerous facts: for example, for 2005-2006. sports spending in the private sector in Germany amounted to 53 billion euros, or 3.4% of GNP, and was comparable to spending in agriculture. In the field of sports, 750 thousand people were directly or indirectly involved, or over 2% of the total able-bodied population, which corresponded to the share of the population employed in the chemical industry. It is also interesting that active sports have a higher economic importance than spectator sports, accounting for more than 80% of all spending.

The organizational structure of professional sports is determined by the specifics of each sport. It may consist of professional sports leagues, associations, unions that are members of an officially recognized federation for any kind of sport, professional sports clubs, as well as sports teams and professional athletes who enter into contracts in the prescribed manner with the specified professional physical culture and sports associations.

The activities of professional athletes are regulated by labor legislation Russian Federation, as well as the norms developed on the basis of the charters of international and Russian physical culture and sports organizations and approved by professional physical culture and sports associations in agreement with the all-Russian federations in the relevant sports.

For a long time, sports and the economy were considered as two separate independent industries, even in the West. It was believed that sport is a hobby, a free pastime, and it has nothing to do with the economy, profession, trade. Today, everything has changed dramatically. It has become possible to earn good money in sports, of course, in a highly competitive environment, but the traditional resources of sports are becoming increasingly limited.

As a result of these processes, it becomes clear that sport needs not only professional athletes and coaches, but also professional economists, managers, lawyers, and sociologists. This applies to all its areas: sports for spectators, professional sports, sports unions and clubs, commercial offers or state and regional administration.

Since sport in many of its manifestations is very clearly classified from the economic and managerial sides, then a lot of economic theory and management theory is applicable in sports. The differences lie, in particular, in the fact that sports products, or rather a personal service, such as training provided for residents of cities or members of a sports club, are more sporty (pleasure, satisfaction of ambitions, self-improvement), and not market targets.

The economics of sports is a rather young science, which was formed as an independent scientific discipline only in the second half of the 20th century. It was during this period that the first studies and serious works on the economics of sports began to appear, theoretical approaches were formed, departments were formed, conferences were held, thematic collections and specialized journals were published.

This period of formation was necessary for understanding the economics of sports as a science, identifying a specific categorical apparatus, classifying sports and economic phenomena and phenomena, developing working concepts, definitions, hypotheses and theories. Only after this preparatory phase it can be said that a new science has taken shape in the knowledge system, the object of study of which has become motor activity and the economic effects associated with it.

At present, the economics of sports has grown into a complex science, with many directions and auxiliary disciplines.

In the system of gradation according to the levels of functioning of the sports economy, the most convenient classification is according to two criteria - according to the size of economic entities operating in the system of physical culture and sports relations, and according to the division into professional (commercial) and mass (amateur or non-commercial) sports.

In terms of amateur sports, the main needs are those of an aesthetic, health and recreational nature - people want to be attractive, healthy and energetic. Sports games also allow you to spend your free time interestingly and with health benefits. As for commercial sports, the main needs in this area are mainly related to doing business. One side, represented by athletes, coaches, manufacturers of sports goods and services, is interested in making a profit and self-realization, the other side, represented by sports fans, makes a demand for spectacle. Another type of classification is related to the location of the economics of sports in the system of other humanities, the definition of its functions and interdisciplinary connections.

The main functions of the sports economy are:

– collection of factual and statistical material related to the field of physical culture and sports;

– processing of the received data, their systematization and classification, explanation and interpretation within the framework of the theories and models being created:

— verification of theoretical concepts, their critical analysis and modernization; transition to qualitatively new categories and scientific constructions based on working hypotheses;

- dissemination of knowledge on the economics of sports for the general public and scientific communities working in frontier and related areas;

– training of qualified researchers for the economics of sports;

- making forecasts economic development national and world system of physical culture and sports;

The economy of sports as a special branch science, arises in the field of physical culture and sports from the need to manage the joint work of various categories of sports workers and sports organizations in general. Each worker in this field in the process of work has to solve various problems: to organize their work and the work of their colleagues in the process of educational and training work, in the preparation and conduct of sports and recreational activities; participate in the work of sports federations, sports clubs, performing various managerial functions in them; make management decisions and organize their implementation; look for sponsors, engage in advertising and promotion of physical culture and sports services and goods produced.

Recently, sport has become an important sector of the economy of many countries, including Russia. It involves significant financial resources and a large number of labor force. New models of sports management and financing are constantly being improved and developed. At the same time, the growing trends of commercialization and professionalization, on the one hand, as well as intense competition around budget funds, on the other, indicate that sport must learn to independently profit from the resources at its disposal. In recent years, the population of most countries has significantly increased their interest in both their own sports activity (active sports) and passive consumption of sports (sports for spectators). This is confirmed by numerous facts: for example, for 2005-2006. sports spending in the private sector in Germany amounted to 53 billion euros, or 3.4% of GNP, and was comparable to spending in agriculture. In the field of sports, 750 thousand people were directly or indirectly involved, or over 2% of the total working population, which corresponded to the share of the population employed in the chemical industry. It is also interesting that active sports have a higher economic value than spectator sports, accounting for more than 80% of all spending.
For a long time, sports and the economy were considered as two separate independent industries, even in the West. It was believed that sport is a hobby, a free pastime, and it has nothing to do with the economy, profession, trade. Today, everything has changed dramatically. It has become possible to earn good money in sports, of course, in a highly competitive environment, but the traditional resources of sports are becoming increasingly limited.
As a result of these processes, it becomes clear that sport needs not only professional athletes and coaches, but also professional economists, managers, lawyers, and sociologists. This applies to all its areas: sports for spectators, professional sports, sports unions and clubs, commercial offers or state and regional administration.
Since sport in many of its manifestations is very clearly classified from the economic and managerial sides, a lot of economic theory and management theory is applicable in sports as well. The differences lie, in particular, in the fact that sports products, or rather a personal service, such as training provided for residents of cities or members of a sports club, are more sporty (pleasure, satisfaction of ambitions, self-improvement), rather than market goals. As for the commercial offer of sports as a commodity, we can single out the following rapidly developing sports markets today:
- a market for profit-oriented sports sellers, represented by numerous health, dance, gymnastic studios and sports schools;
- the market of goods for sports tourism, i.e. tourism using technical devices and devices in the presence of appropriate infrastructure (alpine skiing, surfing, golf);
— the market of sellers of sports simulators, equipment, clothing. This market is developing not because interest in sports is increasing, but because sportiness, sports style are integral components of modern life,
— the market of sports events, programs in the media;
— the market for commercially organized sports events held by clubs, federations, the Olympic Committee (Olympic Games, championships, tournaments, memorials, etc.);
— sports sponsorship and advertising market.
Thus, there is a rapid penetration of the laws of the market into sports, and at the same time the supply of sports as a commodity increases, and this is the main content of the sports economy. It is possible to interpret the economics of sports as a science that studies the economic aspects of sports, but not only them, as well as the sociological, psychological, legal aspects that sports organizations of all kinds face in their work. The latter, of course, must be considered in the context of economics. This definition differs significantly from the generally accepted one, which deals with the application of the provisions of economic theory in sports.
The history of the sports economy is of undoubted interest, since it has gone through a rather thorny path in its development. Sports, sports science have been out of the economy for a long time. Graduates of sports schools and institutes after the end of their sports careers became mostly coaches or teachers. In the same way, organized sports developed without much demand for professional economic competence. Sport with its organizations and unions stood for a long time as a real anti-world in relation to the market, finance and economy. Economic efficiency, market needs and the offer of sports as market product were out of their own minds. Solidarity, not individual interests; honor, not profession, were defining moments. The funding of athletes and the high monetary rewards for participating in competitions were just random episodes. Sports were dominated by amateur (non-professional) ideals that limited the economic use of sports. The prohibition of any commercialization of sports success and popularity, on the one hand, served certain sections of society, which justified their ideology with the help of this, and on the other hand, was explained by the fear of sports organizations and their functionaries with the commercialization of sports to lose their influence on it. The history of sports is replete with examples of such restrictive strategies, such as defining the status of an amateur athlete who was prohibited from receiving money or prizes for participating in sports competitions. In fact, this was done in order to limit access to sports to people who did not belong to the upper strata of society, who through sports could maintain their life content. As the American critic and economist T. Veblen wrote in his book The Theory of Pure People, “sport began to be used as one of the forms of consumption of the upper strata of society, which, with its help, emphasized their social status, their well-being and pastime.” Thus, amateur sports, especially if, like tennis, sailing or golf, required a lot of money and time, began to be presented as an ideal, accessible only to the elite. Even the idea of Olympism with the “noble and chivalrous character of sport”, substantiated by P. de Coubertin, provides (or at least implies!) social differentiation.
The long-standing autonomy of sport has been eroded over time by the emergence (for the first time in the United States) of independent sports unions and cartels, government and media interference in sports. Sports organizations and unions protested for a long time and actively, but as a result, the process of commercialization and professionalization of sports only accelerated.
The first systematic work on economic problems sports appeared in the USA in the mid-50s. US universities recognized the need to train sports managers early on and responded accordingly: first, empirical studies were published economic issues professional team sports and, secondly, the first textbooks on sports management appeared.
The first work in the field of sports economics can be considered an article by S. Rosenberg, published in 1956 in one of the leading American economic journals on the topic: "The labor market of professional baseball players." It discussed three points:
- in professional team sports, a certain uncertainty of the result of a sports competition is produced for the spectators, and the longer the result is unclear, the more attractive it is for the spectators present;
- the uncertainty of the result will be higher when all teams have athletes of the same playing qualities in their teams, distributed evenly among all teams;
- this set of playing qualities can automatically be considered as an unregulated labor market. At the same time, the law of diminishing returns applies here: it is unprofitable for an individual team to acquire new players at a certain point, since they would hardly attract new players to the stadium. additional quantity spectators and justified their presence.
With these theses, S. Rosenberg substantiated the science that is already quite well developed today - the economics of sports. His subsequent works on determining the factors of demand for sports for spectators, streamlining the forms of cooperation between the owners of professional teams, were published in many articles and books, supplemented by numerous theoretical studies by other scientists, and today remain the most popular and in demand.
As for sports management, in recent years many American universities have introduced it into their courses and, accordingly, a sufficient number of publications and books on this topic have appeared. For the most part, these are studies that deal either with the relationship of sports commercial organizations USA (T. Hoggerty, G. Paton), or about the features of free associations and the relationship between sports and the state (N. Markus, D. Klatel). Other studies are specific recipes, recommendations on, for example, how best to place an advertising stand at a basketball game (E. Scalets) or what knowledge and qualifications a stadium manager should have (J. Parke, B. Sanger, J. Mason).
In the UK, among the founders can be called a research group (J. Cairns, N. Jennet, P. Sloan), which studied the question of what goals sports sellers pursue in their economic behavior. They supplemented knowledge with another important point: how sports sellers make their decisions and what consequences this leads to. It should be noted that British science for a long time was based on American examples, although it should be noted that already in 1966 the Institute of Political and economic planning published a report on the economic problems of professional English football. It should also be noted the works devoted to the study of the problems of professional sports, and, above all, its team sports (M. Collins). In conclusion, let's name a publication called "The Economics of Leisure Time and Sports" (E. Cook), which, however, considers the most important provisions of economic theory without taking into account the peculiarities of sports.
Similarly, in Germany for a long time there were no economists who would intensively deal with the problems of sports, respectively, there were no publications on this topic. For the first time, a report on the economics of sports appeared in 1965: it considered and developed the issues of the economics of football (M. Menzler, R. Staglin). The following studies (M. Gärtner, W. Pommerens) were an extensive model of factors influencing the attendance of football matches in the Bundesliga. Next, we note the work related to the study of the economic aspects of the number of transfers in professional sports
(M.-P. Buch, H.-M. Schelhaas). In 1984, the first book on the economics of sports was published (K. Heinemann), in 1987, the first textbook on the economics of a sports enterprise (K. Heinemann). Today, Germany is a country where the problems of sports economics and sports management are given the most attention. First of all, this concerns research in the field of sports sponsorship (M. Brun, A. Hermanns, P. Roth), as well as questions of the professionalization of sports (K. Dietrich, K. Heinemann, M. Schubert). Separately, the works of Professor H.-D. Horch, which are devoted to the problems of the influence of the structure of resources on the activities of sports unions and clubs.
Although the economics of sports is not widely represented in France, it is possible to single out individual articles that for the first time empirically substantiated the economic significance of sports and provided the first data on such a substantiation (K. Doriak; V. Andreeff, J. Nys). In 1987, the first generalized edition on the economics of sports (V. Andreeff) appeared, without a doubt, being one of the most fundamental. In addition to the above, we note the publication of scientists from the University of Grenoble, who presented a detailed technical and economic analysis of the Olympic Games in Albertville.
There is no information about intensive research on sports problems in Italy: although already in 1966 the first statistical report on the situation in sports appeared, which contained separate figures on the economic situation, but there was almost no scientific justification. Later, an extensive report on sports and economics was prepared by the Italian National Olympic Committee, but in essence it also dealt with the situation in Italian sports.
Spain has only recently begun to pay attention to the relationship between sport and the economy. Here we can name studies (F. Brunet, M. Del Castallo, X. Alonso) related to the economic analysis of the Olympic Games in Barcelona and the employment of graduates of various sports schools and universities.
Undoubtedly, today the number of specialists dealing with the problems of sports economics has increased significantly, as well as the range of problems associated primarily with the commercialization and professionalization of sports, the relationship between professional sports and the state, sponsorship, broadcasting rights, etc. The enumeration of all the names would require too much space and time, but the above scientists should still be considered the founders of this science.
Sport and political order. For a relatively long time, in the sports and economic literature, the question of how economic success in the country affects success in sports has been considered. Obviously, this is the result of a specific combination of many factors, including political, social, demographic ones. Initially, it was assumed that success in sports depended on the size of the population. Considering that conditionally sports resources are evenly distributed over all countries, the countries with the largest population should have the best success in sports. Achievements of small countries such as Bulgaria, the former GDR, Finland, Sweden, in certain sports that are especially popular in these countries, refute this assertion. That is, it turns out that what matters is not what resource the country has, but how this resource is used.
Another group of factors is economic. The most important of them are the incomes of the population, the share of the population employed in industry, and the degree of urbanization. As noted earlier, all these factors do not operate in isolation from each other, but in close connection with the existing economic order and political system in the country. There is no doubt that the higher the internal stability in the country and the older the dominant political system, the greater success in sports should be expected.
Of interest are the studies carried out American economist M. Gaertner, who established a connection between the existing economic order in the country and the number of medals won at the Olympic Games. First, he established a relationship between the income of the population and the number of medals won; based on this, he determined the expected value (forecast) if given country had a different level of income. This expected value was also determined for the former socialist countries and compared with the medals actually won by these countries. It turned out that the actual value exceeded the expected value for former USSR 4 times, and for the GDR - 12 times. From this we can conclude that not only economic success, but to a greater extent centralized, politically coordinated and efficient use of available resources is decisive for success in sports. Moreover, a totalitarian regime is more optimal in this situation than a democratic one;
The economic impact of a sporting event. The need to assess the economic effect of a sporting event is obvious. This is especially true in view of the growing shortage state budget and increasing competition over public funds. Today, many people want to know how effectively the allocated funds were used and whether they could be used even better for other purposes. In other words, before applying the decision on the implementation of the relevant sports project (holding a championship, tournament), alternative options should be considered, for example, the organization of exhibitions, the construction of schools, hospitals, etc.
Comparative advantages, not absolute sums, are important for such decisions. economic effects. Testing the profitability of sporting events became necessary after the financial failure of the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, when the resulting deficit of 1.2 billion Canadian dollars after the games had to be paid by taxpayers. All subsequent Olympic Games brought the organizers only profit. In table. 1 provides an overview of the factors that arise during the conduct of sporting events and the degree of their influence.

CULTURE AND SPORT: FOREIGN CONCEPTS

SPECIALISTS

Specialists from various foreign countries—Great Britain (C. Augen, R. Taulog, and others), Germany (K. Neteschapp, M. Oai-neg, H. Piscier, and others), France (J. Ashkegg, 1.-R. Iu8 and others) - the basic conceptual provisions have been developed that characterize the essence of the economy of physical culture and sports in the conditions of market relations.

In a thesis form, we characterize the author's concept of the economics of sports of one of the leading experts in France XV. Apegen" based on the analysis of a number of his publications, including the monographs "Political Economy of Sports", "Economics of Sports", etc.

♦ The analysis of the relationship between the economy and sports includes three main problems: financing of sports, economic management of sports and the creation of economic procedures for interaction in the market of the sports industry and physical culture and sports services.

As part of the problem of financing sports, it is necessary to analyze the funds allocated by state and municipal budgets for its development, the activities of sports lotteries, national and other sports development funds, sponsors, income from sports events, etc.

The economic management of sports is associated with the most efficient use of the income of physical culture and sports organizations, maintaining accounting, development of requirements for tax system, the rules for optimal costs for holding sports events, ways to increase the contribution of persons working on a voluntary basis, analysis of the remuneration of professional athletes, their working conditions, etc.

Interaction in the market of sports and other industries and sports services is a wide range of economic activity associated with the consumption of a sports product, the creation of demand in the market of sports goods and services, served by both specialized and non-specialized production, etc. Sports activities require: creating a network of sports facilities and, consequently, involving the construction sector in the sports market; maintaining sports form, treatment in case of injury, etc. and, consequently, inclusion in the sports market of the food, pharmaceutical industry, etc.

♦ The economics of sport can be represented as three
constituents - macroeconomics, mesoeconomics and microeconomics
nomics.

The problems of macroeconomics are connected with the assessment of the place of the sports economy in national economy, the study of economic means used in the sports policy of the state, with the economy of major sporting events (Olympic Games, world championships, etc.), planning the construction of sports facilities, researching various links between the sphere of finance and sports, etc.

Mesoeconomics studies the uneven development of diverse sports based on a detailed economic analysis of the functioning of each of them, the various sports markets (regional, etc.), and the sporting goods industry.

Microeconomics covers the analysis of the economic activities of municipalities in the field of sports, the economic management of various sports organizations, the economic status of athletes, etc.

♦ The development of the sports economy took place in stages.
The first stage is characterized by episodic interaction

economics and sports. The beginning of this stage can be attributed!*! for the first Olympic Games. Explicit same "date of birth" should be considered the emergence of professional sports. Studies of the problems of interaction between the economy and sports at this stage, neither at the empirical nor at the theoretical level, were carried out.

The second stage is distinguished by the constant and active interaction between the economy and sports. At this point (approx.

mid-70s of the XX century), specialists began to show interest in studying the problems of the relationship and interaction between the economy and sports at the empirical level.

The third stage, the beginning of which dates back to the 80s of the XX century, is characterized by the expansion and deepening of the interaction between the economy and sports, both in terms of quantitative and qualitative parameters. This stage is characterized by an in-depth study of the problems of the economics of sports, which resulted in the formation of the economics of sports as a relatively independent scientific discipline (theoretical level of research), which cannot exist without interaction with the sociology of sports, anthropology, demography and other sciences.

♦ There is currently an active process of international
onalization of the sports economy, manifested in three main
aspects - conceptual, qualitative and quantitative.

The conceptual aspect of internationalization is characterized by the fact that the economy of sports is, although a secondary, but dynamically developing industry. economics. The economics of sports academic discipline included in the programs of higher professional educational institutions many countries of the world.

The qualitative aspect of internationalization is associated with the dynamic development of the sports economy as a sector of the national economy, with the successful overcoming of crisis situations in different countries of the world and other circumstances. The most important manifestations of this process are the internationalization of capital (the constant growth in the number of firms not directly related to sports that sponsor major international competitions), the internationalization of the sporting goods market, including the creation of multinational firms for their production (Acdia "as, Mise, Keebok, Kozshchpo1, etc.), internationalization of athletes playing for teams of other countries, etc.

The quantitative aspect of internationalization is characterized by the share of GDP, which reflects the place of the sports economy in the national or international economy. According to rough estimates, the share of the sports economy in national product developed countries is 1 - 2%. The volume of the world market of sporting goods is 2.0 - 2.5% of international trade.

♦ Sports economics as a scientific discipline to the last
time mainly developed within the framework of applied economics.
Specialists used the concepts, research methods
ny, statistical apparatus, etc., borrowed from
political economy, economic analysis, etc., using
them to study the interaction between economics and sport.

Attempts to reach the level of economic theory are still the rarest exception in the field of sports economics. Existing precedents in concepts and methods

in different areas political economy, management, labor economics, etc., without giving rise to our own theory of sports economics or an original research method.

Economics of sports is a priori interdisciplinary in nature, as it studies two classes of phenomena - economic and sports - in their interrelation and interdependence. The most constructive way to develop the economics of sports as a scientific discipline in the XXI century. should be considered the expansion and strengthening of interdisciplinary ties and the conduct of joint research by economists, historians, sociologists, lawyers, political scientists and representatives of other scientific disciplines.

♦ Society is now more than ever interested in expanding economic research in the field of sports.

The state needs an operational analysis of the economic situation in the field of sports in order to develop an appropriate economic policy both in relation to the industry as a whole and in relation to various physical culture and sports organizations and sports.

Representatives of various industries are interested in studying the diverse sectors of the sports market. First of all, this applies to research on the functioning and development various kinds sports in order to carry out effective sponsorship on a scientific basis, increase / decrease the production of a variety of sports goods, diversify the production of sports goods and sports services, etc.

The media needs data that characterizes the possibilities of sports as a source of expanding their audience in order to develop economic mechanism formation of the cost of rights to television broadcasts of the largest international sports competitions, as well as promotion of sports, etc.

Physical culture and sports organizations for effective organization and management of their own activities must have information about the influence of factors environment both non-economic and economic in nature. Economic analysis allows to identify some variables that form the demand of representatives of various socio-demographic groups of the population for specific physical culture and sports services. The results of such an analysis, in particular, can specifically characterize the economic localization of sports, the main trend of which is the most rapid development of sports in major cities and zones of preferential economic development.

To conduct such and other studies in the field of sports, it is necessary to train specialists in sectoral economics.

The level of development of economic research in the field of sports, the amount of accumulated information in various countries of the world make it imperative to create a data bank on the economics of sports.

♦ Along with non-economic there are economic
determinants of growth in the level of sports achievements. It would not
correct neither to exaggerate nor to downplay the role of the latter
in winning sports victories and setting records.

One of the main incentives for an athlete (both professional and amateur) to achieve a sports result is a prize in cash or in kind. High sports results increase market value athlete: for an amateur athlete, this often opens the way to professionals, for a professional athlete, this significantly increases the cost of his contracts when moving from one club to another.

The level of sports performance is influenced by high-quality sports goods. The sporting goods economy is interested in the production of such that will be tested by the sports elite at major international competitions, and then - over time - become the property of the mass sports market. Athletes, on the other hand, are showing interest in the production of new high-tech sports products that will help them win.

♦ The sport economy should be transparent not only for
specialists, but also for the general public.

The existing judgments about the negative impact of the economy (in the face of, for example, sponsoring firms) and the media on the essence of sports are far from always justified. Indeed, the media and sponsors sometimes impose the time of the competition, make not always unsuccessful attempts to change the rules of the competition, and sometimes even influence sports results. This, of course, is a negative result of the penetration of the economy into sports. However, complete and reliable information about these processes is practically inaccessible not only to the general public, but also to specialists.

A similar situation develops with regard to objective knowledge of the fees of representatives of the sports elite, especially in some sports. The sizes of modern fees known to the public and specialists, which in a number of cases reach several million dollars a year, go beyond reasonable limits. However, we should not forget that in addition to official payments, there are also unofficial payments, about which practically nothing is known. Given the wages of highly skilled athletes, it is hardly legitimate to talk about their excessive exploitation.

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Economy and sport article. Economic relations in the sphere of physical culture and sports. Sports Economics, Theoretical Aspects and Development Prospects

Economy and sport article. Economic relations in the sphere of physical culture and sports. Sports Economics, Theoretical Aspects and Development Prospects

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